Meet the principal

"game?"

Emiya didn't quite understand, but she still sat across from Reiner. She had only been exposed to the rules of this card game, but had never actually played it.

"Don't worry, we won't use this original rule, but the rules I made."

Reiner shuffled the cards, put one card face up, put it in Emiya's hand, and put the other card on the table.

"Now we stipulate that if the card on the table is the same color as the card in your hand, then you win. If it is the opposite color, then I win."

Emilia nodded as if she understood, and then at Reiner's instruction, she turned over the card in front of her, which was a red card.

Reiner also turned over the cards in front of him, which were not red, but black.

This kind of card only has two colors, black and red, so Emilia's chance of winning should theoretically be 50%.

But Emiya lost seven times in a row.

Every time when Emiya turned over the cards in front of her, Reiner would always turn over a card of the opposite color, which made Emiya a little annoyed.

"Even if it's luck, it's so unreasonable!"

Emilia seemed to have been immersed in the game, forgetting that they were actually discussing academic issues.

"Well, let's change the method. If the colors are different, you win. If the colors are the same, I win."

Reiner smiled slightly and said nothing more.

Alymiya thought about it and it seemed reasonable, so she nodded in agreement.

I saw Reiner dealt two more cards, one of which Amelia turned over, was a black card, and then, Reiner turned over the card in front of him, which was also a black card.

Emilia lost again.

Another seven times in a row, each time with cards of the same color, and Emilia lost again.

"This is not in line with common sense about magic at all. Reiner, you must be cheating!"

Alymiya put down the card and accused Reiner.

"Haha, I am indeed cheating."

Reiner's answer made Emilia choke. How could a bookmaker admit that he cheated so easily?

"So, Emiya, can you see how I cheated?"

"Uh... did you determine the order of the cards beforehand when shuffling them?"

Emilia was a little confused when she was asked this question, and hesitated for a moment before giving her answer.

"This is where the problem lies."

Reiner smiled and continued.

"If each card in the game just now is regarded as a particle in the quantum system, and red and black are its spin states, then what we simulated previously is actually a manifestation of quantum entanglement."

Seeing that Emilia didn't quite understand, he continued to explain.

“The phenomenon of quantum entanglement shows that when we know the state of one particle in a system composed of two entangled quantum particles, we can know the state of the other particle, just like in two games, we know When you know the color of one card, you can also know the color of the other card.

"

"So, in fact, no matter how you played just now, you lost..."

Emiya seemed to be still struggling with whether to win or lose the game, and said with some dissatisfaction.

"It can be understood this way. There is no doubt that I cheated in the game just now. This is also the view of the mages towards quantum entanglement. That is, in quantum entanglement, there must be a magical element used to describe the quantum state. , to put it simply, even the act of cheating should be included in the theory. We allow quantum entanglement to cheat, but quantum theory must make it clear how it cheats.”

Reiner shrugged.

"Lord Braggs and Lord Alberton believe that the evil dealer has determined the order of the cards before the game starts. In other words, in the phenomenon of quantum entanglement, the states of the two particles have been determined at the beginning. Our Observation is simply observing something that has already happened.”

The spin state of two particles has been determined at the moment of separation. This information is transmitted along with their separation. Therefore, observing the spin state of the particles is actually observing something that has already happened. Therefore, there is nothing The speed of light is limited, or in other words, the speed at which an observer obtains information is indeed below the speed of light.

This is a conclusion based on the general theory of relativity. From the perspective of people's common sense, this is more in line with common sense. Real determinism plays an important role in it.

"In this kind of speculation, the state of the particles is certain and has been determined from the beginning. The particles themselves are objectively existing things, and their spin states are also objectively real."

Reiner said with a slight sigh, and then looked at Emilia again.

"But there is another conjecture, another way of cheating."

He took out two cards, one red and one black, and covered the surface of the cards with magic power, immediately turning the two cards into the same red color.

"That is, the dealer actually drew two cards at random. Even he himself did not know what the colors of these two cards were, but he had a special way to change the colors the moment the cards were turned over, thereby winning. .”

"How can this be......"

Emilia blurted out subconsciously, but soon she noticed the problem.

Because this is exactly the wave function collapse in quantum theory, the embodiment of the observer effect.

"The moment when the cards are turned over is equivalent to the moment when the mages measure the particles. At this moment, the wave function of the quantum system collapses due to observation, and the state of the particle is determined, thus affecting the state of another particle entangled with it. state, which is the process described in quantum theory.”

Reiner said, placing two cards on the table, one black and one red.

"This is the collision of the classical magic system and the quantum magic system. What is hidden behind it is the existence or not of real determinism."

The classical magic system believes that the existence of matter is objective and real. Regardless of whether the observer exists or not, matter maintains its original state. Although the collapse of the wave function is caused by the observation behavior of the observer, the result of the collapse should be what happened before. It is the observation that determines the outcome, not the observation.

This can explain many problems when the speed of light remains constant, but it runs counter to quantum theory.

In the quantum magic system, observation is a very important behavior. The particle state of the quantum system is determined based on observation. This decision even exceeds the speed of light and violates the theory of causality.

"The problem faced by mages now is which explanation is consistent with the facts, the determinism of objective reality or the elusive quantum theory."

Reiner helplessly spread his palms and said.

"Although I prefer the latter, specific experiments must be proposed to verify it."

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