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If a section of active material is placed in an optical resonant cavity consisting of two parallel mirrors, at least one of which is partially transparent, particles at high energy levels will produce spontaneous emission in various directions.

Among them, the light wave that propagates non-axially quickly escapes from the resonant cavity; the light wave that propagates axially can propagate back and forth in the cavity. When it propagates in the laser material, the light intensity continues to grow.

If the one-way small signal gain g0l in the resonant cavity is greater than the one-way loss δg0l which is the small signal gain coefficient, self-excited oscillation can occur.

The motion state of atoms can be divided into different energy levels. When atoms transition from a high energy level to a low energy level, they will release photons of corresponding energy called spontaneous emission.

In 1951, American physicist Charles Hard-Townes imagined that if molecules were used instead of electronic circuits, radio waves with sufficiently small wavelengths could be obtained.

Molecules have various vibration forms, and the vibration of some molecules is exactly the same as the radiation in the micro-segment range.

But the problem is how to convert these vibrations into radiation.

In the case of the ammonia molecule, under the right conditions, it vibrates 24 times per second at 000ghz, so it is possible to emit microwaves with a wavelength of 000 centimeters.

It is imagined that energy can be pumped into ammonia molecules through heat or electricity to put them in an "excited" state.

Then, imagine that these excited molecules are placed in a microwave beam with the same natural frequency as the ammonia molecules. The energy of this microwave beam can be very weak.

A single ammonia molecule will be affected by this microwave beam and release its energy in the form of a beam of the same wavelength. This energy will then act on another ammonia molecule, causing it to also release energy.

This very weak incident microwave beam is equivalent to the triggering effect of a foothold on an avalanche, and finally a strong microwave beam will be produced.

All the energy originally used to excite the molecules is converted into a special kind of radiation.

In December 1953, Townes and his student Arthur Shorlow finally made a device that worked on the above principle and produced the required microwave beam.

This process is called "microwave amplification of stimulated emission of radiation." Its English acronym is m.a.s.e.r, from which the word "maser" was coined. Words such as maser are called acronyms and are increasingly used in technical language.

In 1958, American scientist Schanes discovered a magical phenomenon: when they illuminated the light emitted by a neon light bulb on a rare earth crystal, the molecules of the crystal would emit bright, bright light that always converged together.

Based on this phenomenon, they proposed the "laser principle", that is, when a substance is excited by energy with the same natural oscillation frequency of its molecules, it will produce this kind of non-divergent strong laser light.

They published important papers for this purpose and won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics.

On May 1960, 5, Maiman, a scientist at the Hughes Laboratory in California, USA, announced that he had obtained a laser with a wavelength of 15 microns. This was the first laser ever obtained by mankind, making Maiman the first in the world. The scientist who brought lasers into practical use.

On July 1960, 7, Theodore Maiman announced the birth of the world's first laser.

Maiman's plan was to use a high-intensity flash tube to excite the ruby. Since ruby ​​is physically just corundum mixed with chromium atoms, when ruby ​​is stimulated, it emits a red light.

Drilling a hole in the surface of a piece of ruby ​​coated with a reflector allows red light to escape from the hole, creating a rather concentrated and slender red light beam that, when directed towards a certain point, can reach a height higher than the surface of the sun. high temperature.

The former Soviet scientist Nikolai Basov also invented the semiconductor laser in 1960.

The structure of a semiconductor laser usually consists of a p layer, an n layer and an active layer forming a double heterojunction.

Its characteristics are: small size, high coupling efficiency, fast response speed, wavelength and size adapted to the fiber size, direct modulation, and good coherence.

The energy of a photon is calculated using ehv, where h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency. It can be seen that the higher the frequency, the higher the energy. Laser frequency range 3.846x1014hz to 7.895x1014hz.

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Zhou Wenwen used ruby, so he naturally used Theodore Maiman's plan, and Zhou Wenwen only had to replace it with the projectile and time.

So after more than 2 minutes

Chapter 75 Preview of Beam Sword