I am the king of the dead

Zhu Qiyu's words were changed to the context of Daming, and the officials suddenly realized that there was nothing new under the sun.

This is the relative surplus and absolute scarcity of Ming Dynasty.

Doctrine is not mysterious. Doctrine is the extension and proposition of theory.

Capitalism is a theoretical extension and proposition that advocates all social activities, with the private possession and proliferation of capital as the core.

Did the Central Plains Dynasty have no doctrine?

The theories and propositions of various schools of thought, with the ultimate goal of building an ideal country and a world of great harmony, are very complete, and their extensions and propositions are also consistent.

The predicament of the Ming Dynasty was the transformation of the small peasant economy into a commodity economy and the establishment of large-scale free employment labor relations.

The key point of this dilemma is currency.

"Daming is really too big." Zhu Qiyu continued: "My lords, if Daming is ten times smaller, we brought a lot of goods from the West, and then transported these goods to Japan for gold and silver. Ming dynasty."

"Will Daming still fall into the predicament of shortage of circulating currency?"

"will not."

The exploration and discovery of the routes to the Americas and the East Indies, and the expansion of global trade resulted in the acquisition of countless products from the Americas and the East Indies. The most important thing is that a large amount of gold and silver were invested in the circulation field, and finally many small countries in Europe were completed. The transformation of the small-scale peasant economy established a large-scale free-employment labor relationship.

This is the predicament of Daming. No matter how much gold and silver comes to Daming, it is like entering the belly of gluttony. Although it is already the country with the largest number of gold and silver holders in the world, it still cannot meet the circulation needs, and the small-scale peasant economy cannot Complete the metamorphosis.

Zhu Qiyu still owes 80 years of casting money debts.

The phenomenon, problem, and reason have all been found. What about the solution?

Yu Qian frowned and said, "How much gold and silver does Daming need for a land with 2000 million households and a population of [-]? Could it be that Daming has always been so short of money?"

"Is it enough to hollow out a Japanese country?"

"If the banknote method is not safe, I thought it was because the printing of the old banknotes was poorly anti-counterfeit, and the counterfeit banknotes became popular, which led to the corruption of the banknote law, but what I have seen and heard today is not the case."

"Difficult."

The corruption of banknotes began at the beginning of Qianyin and Jiaozi in the Song Dynasty. When it came to the treasured banknotes of the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, history repeated itself like a reincarnation.

The law of banknotes has been corrupted again and again, and it seems to be caught in an endless loop.

Zhu Qiyu said with a smile: "What Yu Shaobao is worried about, Daming actually has a solution, it's just that you didn't find it."

As soon as this remark came out, Yu Qian, Li Binyan, Xu Chengzong and others stared at His Majesty with suspicion.

Daming has given a solution, where is it? !

Zhu Qiyu took out the price list from Huihui Pavilion, and said: "During the transaction of Huihui Pavilion, I found out that after the merchants of Ming Dynasty and Luzon confirmed the price, they would pay a part of the deposit in advance, and then After waiting for the delivery, the settlement is in progress."

"In this process, bookkeeping occurs."

"Besides, in the case of Qu's family, I found out that the acceptance from the Civil Credit Bureau was heavy, inconvenient to transport and easy to be robbed. For the delivery of private commercial goods, I used the acceptance from the Civil Credit Bureau. It is convenient and very convenient. Safety."

"In this process, bookkeeping also occurred."

Zhu Qiyu talked about two phenomena in Daming, these two phenomena are Zhu Qiyu's summary.

The ministers looked at His Majesty in bewilderment. These two phenomena did lead to bookkeeping.

But what does it have to do with solving Ming's Winter Preface?

"Accounting currency is the solution to the money shortage in Ming Dynasty." Zhu Qiyu mentioned a concept.

Wang Bingfu, the director of Baoyuan Bureau, reacted immediately and said: "Actually, the receipts and tickets issued by Baoyuan Bureau are the accounting currency!"

Wang Bingfu frowned and said: "Your Majesty, this bookkeeping currency is essentially a kind of creditor's right. Whether it is acceptance or price list delivery and acceptance, it is actually a kind of creditor's right contract for delayed payment!"

"The ticket of the Baoyuan Bureau is also a contract for delayed payment!"

"Of course." Zhu Qiyu took a look at the fat Wang Bingfu. King Xiang had lost weight, but Wang Bingfu was still so fat, and his head was still so flexible.

Indeed, money of account is money that expresses debts, prices, and general purchasing power.

Accounting currency is a medium of exchange, and its function has the basic properties of general equivalents.

Wang Bingfu asked in fascination: "Then what is the difference between the bookkeeping currency mentioned by His Majesty and the imperial silver coins and Jingtai Tongbao?"

Zhu Qiyu had expected that Wang Bingfu would ask this question, and quickly replied: "The accounting currency is a name, and the imperial silver coin and Jingtai Tongbao are real. If the real thing remains the same, there is no comparison. If the real thing changes, the difference is different." of great significance.”

This relationship is like the relationship between Emperor Daming and Zhu Qiyu in name and reality. Emperor Daming is now Zhu Qiyu, and Zhu Qiyu is Emperor Daming.

But after Zhu Qiyu abdicated, the name of the Great Ming Emperor remained unchanged, but the physical appearance of the Great Ming Emperor had changed.

Zhu Qiyu thought for a while and then explained: "For example, a merchant in Daming signed a contract with a merchant in Champa and bought [-] shi of rice. If the good rice is delivered, the bookkeeping currency will naturally be equivalent to currency."

"But if this Champa merchant is shoddy, then the real thing has changed, and the bookkeeping currency and currency will not be worthy of the name."

"At this time, the imperial government needs to intervene."

Wang Bingfu is still at a loss. He still has some doubts about the difference between bookkeeping currency and currency. As the head of Baoyuan Bureau, if he can't figure out the difference, then there is no way to talk about the new monetary policy.

Zhu Qiyu glanced at Wang Bingfu and said, "Let's put it this way, if we deposit [-] silver coins in your Baoyuan Bureau, and when we go to get them, you can't accept them."

"You will lose your head, and your whole family will be exiled to Yongning Temple. Do you understand me?"

Wang Bingfu suddenly realized, couldn't help but shuddered, bowed his head and said: "I understand."

Accounting currency is a contract. If the contract cannot be fulfilled, the judge, that is, the law and the government, will be required to forcibly pay.

The imperial court is the object of collective consensus, and it is also a functional department that maintains legal and public rights.

The imperial court had the power to compel the payment of items corresponding to the names contained in the contract.

The court also had the power to decide and announce which objects would be worthy of the name, and to alter the objects occasionally.

This is the proper meaning of the imperial court in the accounting currency, the power to maintain the smooth conclusion of the contract and enforce the contract.

The imperial court has absolute power in the bookkeeping currency system, so it should assume corresponding obligations.

For example, a businessman in Songjiang prefecture ordered a three-masted ship at Daming Shipyard. The delivery was originally scheduled for one or two years, but the ship was not delivered. Investigate the problem, if Lei Juntai has a problem, ransack Lei Juntai's house and solve the problem.

Zhu Qiyu and Wang Bingfu talked so much about the relationship between fame and reality, but in essence they were talking about rights and obligations.

The Songjiang Shipyard did not deliver the ship, and the court turned a blind eye and refused to investigate the problem vaguely. It only thought that the limelight had passed, no one was making trouble, and the big and small things were turned into small ones, so they just enjoyed it. rights, but not obligations.

If the world is out of order, the effectiveness of bookkeeping currency will disappear.

"The foundation of accounting currency is still gold and silver." Zhu Qiyu said conclusively: "Gold and silver are naturally not currency, but currency is naturally gold and silver."

"We cannot introduce money of account if we do not have enough gold and silver."

The money shortage of the Central Plains Dynasty has always plagued the development of all dynasties, and the banknote method came into being.

However, the private printing, pirated printing, and excessive printing of the banknote law have led to the failure of the banknote law to become a stable legal tender.

In fact, the reason is very simple. Between the casting of gold, silver and copper coins and the banknote method, the development process of this bookkeeping currency is missing, and the construction process of a silver-based currency system is missing.

"Then how to implement it?" Wang Bingfu asked full of doubts.

Chapter 686 Yinzhuang should not be a sharp blade

Why can accounting currency solve the money shortage in Ming Dynasty?

Why can the bookkeeping currency be built on the silver standard of the Daming banknote method?

Because once the Ming Dynasty determined the use of bookkeeping currency, two types of bookkeeping currency would inevitably be produced.

The first category is calculated according to the bookkeeping currency, including agreed quotations, contracts and debt certificates;

The second category is the currency itself, which is consistent with the bookkeeping currency. The completion of currency delivery means the termination of the contract or the payment of debts.

The first type of bookkeeping currency calculation can effectively alleviate the currency demand of Ming Dynasty, because in the settlement process, no matter what the purpose is, the debt certificate itself can replace the currency.

As for the absorption of deposits by the Daming Baoyuan Bureau, the tickets issued are the first type of bookkeeping currency, that is, debt currency.

Zhu Qiyu explained in detail the two categories of bookkeeping currencies.

The courtiers have gradually understood the core logic of bookkeeping currency. With the base of the imperial silver coins issued by Daming and Jingtai Tongbao unchanged, a large amount of debt currency that only exists on paper is the best way for Daming to solve the winter order right now. Method.

"Your Majesty, is there any difference between debt currency and banknote law?" Yu Qian sat up straight and asked.

Zhu Qiyu immediately said: "The debt currency itself is a certificate, not an official currency, that is, imperial silver coins and Jingtai Tongbao."

"The Daming Banknote is an official currency."

"In order to use bookkeeping currency on a large scale, the official roads of Ming Dynasty must be extremely smooth. Relying on the acceptance of Baoyuan Bureau relying on Shuimayi, it is the most important thing in the construction of large-scale bookkeeping currency."

Wang Bingfu finally understood how to implement the bookkeeping currency.

The well-connected water horse station in the Ming Dynasty is the key to realizing the bookkeeping currency. If the bookkeeping currency is to be used in the world, it is necessary to establish the Baoyuan Bureau Yinzhuang in the place where the water horse station goes. In this way, the bookkeeping currency Implementation becomes a matter of course.

The Guandaoyi Road is the canal through which Daming Department Stores and money flow. The smoother and wider this canal is, the faster the development of Daming's commodity economy will be.

"I don't have any doubts anymore." Wang Bingfu said with emotion.

As His Majesty said, Daming had actually given the answer, but they were not as sharp-eyed as His Majesty, able to find the answer by separating the fake from the real from the phenomena that are alluring and fascinating to the eye.

Your Majesty is indeed worthy of being the Minister of the Ministry of Household Affairs of the Ming Dynasty, No. 1 in financial affairs in the world.

Li Binyan has been silent all the time. Ever since His Majesty proposed the bookkeeping currency, Li Binyan has been thinking about it. When His Majesty said that he would use Daming's well-connected water horse station to establish the Ming Dynasty's Baoyuan Bureau bookkeeping currency system, Li Binyan frowned. wrinkle.

He thought of a serious problem, that is redundancy.

Although Li Binyan didn't want to disturb the joyful atmosphere of the long-table conference hall, the Salt-Tie conference itself was a form of discussion and there were no taboos.

He said: "Your Majesty, at present, the number of officials in the Baoyuan Bureau of the five major cities of Mizhou, Songjiang, Ningbo, Zhangzhou, and Guangzhou has exceeded [-]. , to what extent will the officials of Ming Dynasty swell?"

Redundancy will greatly increase the number of meat eaters, and will form a close interest group.

The imperial courts of all dynasties have faced the problem of redundant staff and imposed extremely strict restrictions to prevent excessive administrative costs and damage the imperial court's financial affairs system.

Daming should guard against redundant staff, because Daming's financial affairs are still very fragile.

As soon as Li Binyan said this, there was a lot of discussion in the long table conference hall.

"What Li Aiqing said is very good." Zhu Qiyu gave Li Binyan an approving look.

Li Binyan's worries are not unfounded.

Daming’s redundant staff is different from that of the Song Dynasty. The problem of redundant staff in Daming is mainly reflected in the fact that the princes and heirs of the vassals are endless. Supporting the vassals puts great financial pressure on the local area, and the property of the gentry attached to the vassal’s mansion makes Daming’s taxes base shrinks further.

In the tenth year of Wanli, after Zhang Juzheng's death, countless clan relatives went to the capital to file a complaint, weeping bitterly, saying that Gao Gong and Zhang Juzheng were the same breed, and that the ancestral salary owed to the clan for 20 years had not been paid, and the young Emperor Wanli made up the ancestral salary once. Later, it was discovered that Daming was unable to pay the clan's salary.

On the other hand, under the circumstances that the official selection of officials continued to shift to the hereditary system, Ming's tax base further shrank.

The huge Baoyuan Bureau's bank law will inevitably breed corruption. If the officials of the Baoyuan Bureau loosen their hands a little, they will cause countless bad debts.

This is also the reason why Wang Hu and Lin Xiu started accounting after Zhu Qiyu came to Songjiang Mansion.

It is a luxury in itself to count on the spontaneous incorruptibility of officials.

Zhu Qiyu looked at Li Binyan and said, "Is there any good way for Li Aiqing?"

Li Binyan thought for a long time and said: "If Baoyuan Bureau is really going to be promoted to the world, then the master of Yinzhuang should be promoted, at least he should be a fourth-rank Beijing official."

"Secondly, it is to reduce the storage interest to support the huge bureaucrats of the Baoyuan Bureau."

Baoyuan Bureau itself also has profit means such as loans and handling fees, and can also make investment profits through planning and provinces. It can be said that it is the largest source of fiscal revenue besides Zhengfu and official factories.

The interest rate cut may be able to feed the appetite of the huge bureaucrats of the Baoyuan Bureau.

Wang Hu, head of the household department, said at the same time: "Cutting interest rates can increase the liquidity of money to a certain extent, and storage can be turned into investment or consumption."

For a long time, in the eyes of the officials of the household department and the eunuchs of internal funds, it is strange that the Ming Dynasty's bank deposits should be paid by the court.

The imperial court paid you money and people to keep the money for you, but they still want to give you interest?

How can there be such a good thing in this world?

If it weren't for the existence of the seigniorage tax of the Military War Bureau, this payment of interest would have been brought up a long time ago.

Li Binyan continued: "In addition to the main business, Yinzhuang in various places should be officials, which can also effectively reduce the number of officials."

Li Binyan's idea is similar to the Keqing system. After the profits of the silver villages in various places are retained, they pay the salaries for recruiting the officials of the silver villages, just like the officials of the county government in various places.

When Lian Gang went to Sichuan to investigate the first case, he found that there were more than 7000 yamen servants in Baxian County, Sichuan Province in the Ming Dynasty, divided into inner-class officials and outer-class officials.

Although the officials in the inner class are not in the top class, they are also members of the government, and most of the employees in the outer class are recruited from the private market, and many of them are inherited from generation to generation.

Some of the servants rely on the power of the government, curry favor with the superior officials, and join forces with bad actors and officials to extort money and harm civilians.

Yu Qian shook his head and said: "Nowadays, some companies are doing a lot of anti-things, or using the excuse of destroying the rich and rich, for fear that the rich will not be poor, and the city's tyrants are given wings to make them swallow good things. I think it is inappropriate. "

In the Jitou case, the [-] yamen servants raised by Baxian County were not just for food, but under the guise of destroying the rich and powerful, they did harm to the village.

The outside shift worker in Ba County was named Li Sanyuan, nicknamed Huang Zhu, and he was a serious murderer. After turning a blind eye, Li Sanyuan slipped through the net and escaped from prison after killing someone.