Back to the Republic of China to be a editor

The first time was in June 1950, passing through China, and then went straight to North Korea, with a military advisory group to help the Korean People's Army formulate a combat plan to attack the whole of North Korea.Then the Korean People's Army played a good half-time and planted in the Pusan ​​defense circle.

The second time was from March to April 1951. Before the launch of the fifth campaign, the General Staff of China complained in Beijing that it was a miscellaneous affairs management department.

Before 1951, Stemenko came to Beijing again in December.

The reasons why Shtemenko brought the delegation of the Soviet General Staff to Beijing were, first, to find out in detail the planning, implementation, command process and changes of the fifth campaign; second, to understand the Dongducheon counterattack; It is clear why the military adviser, Major General Kocherkin, sent that letter.

Kocherkin was a member of the Soviet military advisory group to China, under the leadership of Krasovsky and Kotov.Kocherkin is mainly responsible for "tuning" the general staff of our army. In July 1951, after the Dongducheon counterattack ended, Kocherkin sent a long report to the Chief of Operations of the Soviet General Staff in the form of a letter.It evaluates the combat command of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army and the Volunteer Army in this way:

"Although China has a general staff in form, it seems that it has not found its due position and has not played its due role in leading the armed forces and directing military operations."

"The Chinese General Staff also has an Operations Department, but it has only 10-12 officers (the Soviet Army's General Staff Operations Department has as many as 60-70 officers working), cobbled together into a group of unknown significance, and its daily work is to serve the Chinese leaders. Drafting documents. It is not the function of China’s war department to study the war situation and formulate plans.”

"China's General Staff does not assume the duty of assisting the leader in combat, but is only satisfied with collecting and providing intelligence, and then submits the information to Mao, Zhou and the main leaders of China. Probably the General Staff thinks that Mao himself knows how to manage."

"During the Korean War, China's General Staff took fewer responsibilities, and they probably thought that Peng himself knew what to do. Therefore, Mao was the only one who could actually give effective instructions to Peng Dehuai. But Mao thought there was no need to intervene in Peng. I think Peng will know best what to do when he is on the scene.”

"The information collected and provided by the Chinese General Staff was sent to an intelligence center in Zhongnanhai. It is said that the information will also be delivered to North Korea's Peng. But so far, I have not been able to enter this intelligence center in Zhongnanhai."

"Nie, who performs the post of chief of staff, is relatively junior among military leaders. Due to the Chinese people's implicitness, when the orders of the general staff may damage the face of other senior leaders, Nie will not force them to do so. Implementation. Su is the deputy chief of the general staff, and although he has rich combat experience, his qualifications are relatively shallow, so his role is not decisive."

Kocherkin's report can be summed up in one sentence: China's General Staff is now "a must-have".This is similar to the Chinese General Staff that Shtemenko saw when he came to Beijing in March and April.

But this is also what puzzled Stemenko.If China's general staff is so poor, and according to the Soviet military adviser in North Korea, the staff of the Volunteer Army is similar, how did China's fifth battle come about?

"Greetings, Comrade Stemenko."

"Davarishne, hello."

The chiefs of staff of the two countries met, and because they were familiar with each other, they quickly got to the point.

"The advisory group led by Comrade Kocherkin has been very happy with the comrades of the General Staff in the past year, and has been of great help to the construction of the General Staff of China." Nie Shuai said, "Of course some things cannot be done overnight. The military system The modernization of modernization requires a process, and we must adopt a gradual method to gradually reach our construction goals. Moreover, the construction of the General Staff must also be synchronized with the construction of the People's Army. Our various services and arms are moving toward regularization and modernization. The reform of the General Staff Nor can one go beyond the foundations of these realities."

Shtemenko also agreed with Nie Shuai's statement. "In the future, the staff of our advisory team will spend more time on lecturing and training Chinese cadres, which is more important than system adjustment. System adjustment and department construction should be done after the personnel have professional staff quality, not before. In addition, if the situation of the war is particularly urgent, the Soviet advisers sent to the Chinese General Staff should also leave Beijing to hold meetings to exchange work experience and help Chinese troops with training."

Nie Shuai: "We will provide convenience....In fact, the Soviet adviser to the General Staff has the authority to leave Beijing and travel around."

After talking for a while about the construction and daily operation of the General Staff, Shtemenko also knew that the modernization of China's General Staff was slow.So the conversation quickly turned to North Korea.

"Chinese comrades are worried that the enemy will land behind them, and they are deploying several armies in the coastal areas of North Korea," said Shtemenko. "The construction of the coastal defense system is a highly professional job. Now which departments are Guide the coastal defense project?"

Nie Shuai: "Coastal defense deployment is coordinated by Zhisi and the Supreme Command of the Korean People's Army. In fact, the military advisory group sent by the Soviet Union to North Korea is already playing a role in this regard."

Shtemenko: "The current Soviet military advisory group in North Korea still lacks professional officers in coastal defense. The Soviet army is preparing to send a new team consisting of the Soviet General Staff, Engineering Corps Command, Kronstadt and Sevas Do you think this team should be sent to North Korea for on-the-spot command, or should it be sent to Beijing to control the overall progress?"

Nie Shuai: "Let's send it to North Korea. It's closer to the battlefield, and it's more conducive to coordinating with comrades from the Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army."

Shtemenko shook his head: "Davarishne, in fact, according to the regulations of the Soviet Red Army, this kind of top-level working group should be in Beijing... But if China's General Staff has not yet reached the standard for direct military orders, then it is still Send it to work in North Korea. In addition, I have another request. When I visited Beijing last time, I knew that the General Staff had an intelligence center in Zhongnanhai, and Kocherkin’s report also mentioned it. If possible, I and the inspection team of the General Referee want to conduct field inspections there.”

Nie Shuai: "I can't decide immediately, it may need the chairman's approval."

……

Beijing War Center.

In order to welcome the investigation team from Shtemenko, the staff and staff spent half a day rearranging the room, the communication line between the 50 Center and the Combat Situation Center was unplugged, and the ten K telegrams temporarily stored in the computer were deleted after printing and printed out All the secret telegrams and newspapers were also hidden.

"It turns out that this is not just an intelligence center, but also serves as a staff department, and can even formulate some campaign plans."

Accompanied by Nie Shuai and Su Yu, Shtemenko inspected the War Situation Center.Originally Kocherkin thought this was an intelligence forwarding place, but Shtemenko knew a little more. Since the Chinese General Staff put two (Xu Shuai was there at that time) deputy chiefs of staff in the combat situation center, then here Functionality should not be limited to intelligence forwarding.

"In this place, I, Comrade Suyu, and Comrade Qianqian usually have one person here. The chairman and the prime minister will come here from time to time to ask about the situation of the war. If there is preparation and planning for a major battle, then the main leaders of the party and the army will be here. Nie Shuai briefly introduced the structure of the combat situation center, "In addition, the combat situation center has 4 staff members and several staff members. The 4 staff officers are responsible for command, control, communication, and intelligence operations. ... That's it. "

When Nie Shuai said this, his mind flashed, and he left half a sentence in his words.

There is actually another person in the combat situation center, Tang Hua.The division of labor among these people was also done by Tang Hua in his own way. The four staff officers plus him were responsible for command, control, communications, intelligence and computers.Tang Hua is the person in charge of the last "computer".

"Communications represent the battlefield communications of the Communications Department of the General Staff, and intelligence represents the intelligence center of the Intelligence Department of the General Staff," Shtemenko was thinking about the responsibilities of these four staff officers, "command and control, which one represents the Military Command of the General Staff, and which What about the War Department?"

"The military order department and the operations department of the general staff directly correspond to the staff who direct the business," Nie Shuai said, "but not all of the work is done by him, and the staff who control the business will share part of it."

"One command staff and one control staff can command 1 million Chinese troops...no, 1 volunteers?" Shtemenko thought this was unbelievable, "even with the support of the General Staff Headquarters. Difficult to do, this will prevent your staff work from being too detailed, and you can only generate a rough combat plan and action plan, after all, the energy of a single person is limited."

Su Yu: "With the support of the General Staff Headquarters, many problems have actually been solved. As for the others, we can use some methods to improve work efficiency."

Su Yu signaled Shitemenko to look over. "This is the work computer of our intelligence staff."

Su Yu pointed to the T51 in the corner of the main command room, "All telegrams and other intelligence information are collected here. This computer keeps in touch with another computer at the Volunteer Army Command, so it is also a dedicated transmitter and The ticker, the rate of information transmission is 0.3K/S, which is 300 digits per second."

Suyu and Nie Shuai didn't talk more about the communication computer, and didn't let Shtemenko look at the contents of the computer, but motioned him to look at the three T51 computers next to the main command room of the combat situation center.The three computers are in one room, but the room is next to the main command room and has a wide door that is usually not closed.

Shtemenko sat on the computer chair of the staff controlling the staff. The staff typed a few words on the keyboard, and the segment code tube display displayed rows of letters and numbers. The staff pressed the up and down arrows on the keyboard, and the documents followed. "Swipe" up and down.

63C188D，YKJN，10725，51-12-7

63C189D...

64C190D...

"Here, the control staff can call up the brief information of all the combat units of the Volunteer Army fighting in North Korea. The simplified data is accurate to the division level, and the key data is accurate to the regiment level." Su Yu explained, "The calculation of the control staff and the calculation of the command staff Computers are interconnected through cables, so that files can be shared and written, and files can also be transferred. When issuing military orders and combat orders, the command staff can obtain data support from the control staff, communication staff, and intelligence staff, so that in a short period of time Issue accurate military orders within the specified time."

Stemenko felt dizzy.

He had seen computers before, and there was a T51 in the office of the National Defense Mobilization Committee.He has seen several Soviet aunts put a roll of tape into the computer, press a few buttons, and the card printer connected to the computer will spit out conscript information cards one by one, and one roll of tape can be printed for more than an hour. The one or two thousand soldier information cards that came out were neat and there were no transcription errors.In the Ministry of Aviation Industry, Stemenko also saw another computer, which was humming in the computer operation room, and it was said that it was performing complex calculations of fluid dynamics.

In Beijing, he saw another use of computers...

……

Tang Hua did not accompany Shtemenko to visit the Beijing War Information Center, mainly because Nie Shuai felt that there was no need to show everything, and another reason was that Tsinghua’s laser family had a new member.

In June 1951, a new member was added to the laser family: the laser irradiator of the Zhu Guozhen Group (however, the development of the laser-guided bomb seeker has not yet been completed). In December, the fifth laser group - Li Qingzhong's industrial laser group produced a result, and Zhou Guangzhao's second group had a phased result.

Walking into the laboratory of the fifth group, what Tang Hua saw was a laser fixed on the steel frame of the workshop ceiling.Looking at the structure of the laser, the beam should be directed downwards.There is also a set of movable optics that allows the beam to be redirected, as well as a deflectable and elevating blow-off system.After activating the laser, members of the fifth team cleanly cut an aluminum plate into a complex hollow shape.

Yes, this is another processing method besides mechanical processing. It can be used as a supplementary equipment for the mechanical industry at present. If it continues to develop in the future, it will become a special processing method.

Zhou Guangzhao's fifth group is the focus of Tang Hua's trip to Tsinghua University.

The results of the two laser projects published in 1951 strictly followed the order from easy to difficult. The simplest laser irradiator was developed in half a year, followed by the relatively simple laser cutting, which took nearly a year to develop.However, the work assigned to Zhou Guangzhao's team was laser communication...

"Hello, Teacher Tang."

Zhou Guangzhao was the only one in the laboratory.

Tang Hua asked, "Where is Teacher Zhao?"

"Ms. Zhao said that he would come over in a while, and he also said that he was behind in progress in the group, so he was a little embarrassed."