USSR 1991

In conscience, Panetta is strong enough to assist the Mario government in handling various international affairs, but the other party has never let him take action. I don't know if it is out of distrust, or President Mario just wants Panetta's chief of staff to keep his own place. Do your job well.

But how could the ambitious Panetta let go of such an opportunity? When President Mario was distressed because he could not find an opportunity to embarrass the Soviet Union, Panetta brought President Mario his own plan.

Plans for the International Convention on the Seas.

Not enough. When President Mario picked up the Panetta plan, he still felt a little inexplicable. As a country that signed the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea but did not ratify it, President Mario had his own considerations. So far, the opinions of the American economic circles tend to believe that This convention regards marine resources as the common wealth of mankind, which is actually synonymous with public property.This concept of property seriously violates the liberal economic policy of the United States.Moreover, the mainstream voice in the economics circle believes that public property does not really play a role in protecting resources.

The second is the government factor. Since the United States still has water disputes with Canada and other countries, some American politicians believe that the treaty will damage the sovereignty of the United States.Some people in the United States believe that the convention actually consigns a huge part of human space—the ocean—to irresponsible, authoritarian and corrupt members of the United Nations, rogue states, and failed states.

The prevailing view in the American jurisprudence has always been that international law should not bind the U.S. Congress and government, especially the United Nations and its affiliated agencies, whose members and entities are not formed in a strictly democratic manner.Sticking to its relevant regulations will only benefit some countries, but will damage the sovereignty of the United States.The United States therefore did not participate in the Rome Convention that created the International Criminal Court.The U.S. government also believes that an important item of this convention is to guarantee freedom of navigation on the high seas, but this right has already been satisfied at the previous convention meeting, and there is no need for a new treaty.

Considering various factors, it is also justifiable for the U.S. Congress not to approve the United States' accession to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.But at this moment, he wanted to hear what Panetta said. After all, the other party was also the chief of staff of the White House, and his strength was second only to the president of the United States.

President Mario raised many doubts in one breath, "The United States is now a maritime power, with abundant marine resources and strong naval power, so the market concept of free competition is the direction we are pursuing, so I do not want the international ocean capital restrictions on our ocean activities. And as President Reagan pointed out several of his deficiencies when he rejected the treaty in 1982, what we especially can't stand is that the International Maritime Authority not only agrees with the United States to have the right to modify the jump, but foreign competitors may also According to the convention, the United States or the United States ocean company will be brought to court."

It means that the United States does not join now, and it can still go rogue without complying with international conventions.

But Panetta retorted, "The United States has in fact complied. The United States ratified the convention of the 1958 meeting, and the Reagan administration also used the form of executive order. Except for retaining a few clauses, it is generally willing to abide by this convention. The so-called damage to the United States Sovereignty, or bureaucratic tyranny to expand international organizations by precedent, are not justified."

"If the convention is implemented, navigation in the waters will indeed be guaranteed. In reality, there are more than 100 important international waters and straits, and their disputes are also obstacles to American ships and trade. If there is a unified agreement to regulate, it will be better than the United States and the United States one by one. It is much more efficient for relevant countries to sign bilateral agreements. It is a tool for peaceful settlement of disputes. The convention provides a peaceful means of settlement of disputes, and it is also helpful to solve problems such as the waters of the United States and Canada. When most countries recognize the convention, if like Iran If countries that are unfriendly to us want to blockade the Persian Gulf, the United States will only have appeal by resorting to a treaty, rather than directly using force unilaterally."

President Mario nodded. He is famous for his success. This is indeed one of the advantages.

"The waters under the jurisdiction of the United States have been expanded. The expansion of the exclusive economic zones of Alaska, Hawaii and other places in the Convention actually expands the waters under the jurisdiction of the United States, which is more beneficial to the United States than harmful. It can make large US offshore drilling companies more willing to invest in development. In the past, due to lack of guarantee, the development of this industry has been a bottleneck."

"And the most important point is that we can better provoke conflicts with countries that have problems with maritime sovereignty in accordance with the regulations of the International Maritime Convention."

President Mario was stunned by Panetta's words, "Soviet Union? Are you referring to the issue of the four northern islands of the United States, or the issue of the Turkish Strait? However, under the current circumstances, these two issues are well controlled by the Soviet Union. There was no chance of getting involved at all.”

"That's just one of our goals. The entire ocean is so big, but there are disputes over maritime issues, and it is the surface and potential enemy of the United States. Which country will it be?" Panetta asked mysteriously.

"You mean, China?" President Mario froze for a moment.

"Yes, China." The chief of staff of the White House raised the corners of his mouth, "Adding the more complicated issue of China's South China Sea issue to the issue of the four northern islands, this is why we joined the International Maritime Convention. After all, the Soviet Union and China are two The country is the last two stumbling blocks for the United States to dominate the world."

Chapter 4 Thirty Chapters Doomed Not to Be a Peaceful Asia-Pacific

If the members of Congress have no problem with their IQs, Panetta's proposal will never be passed. In the eyes of the Congressmen, they will only consider how to maximize the interests of the United States. They will never think of what political status the United States will be in in 20 years. It is also unthinkable that in the future, there will be a terrible fleet in the Asia-Pacific region that will be recruiting troops, contacting allies and threatening the US maritime supremacy.

So so far, the person who proposed this plan seems to be betraying the United States in the eyes of others, and can be branded as a spy.It was then thrown to the CIA's censorship department for interrogation.Although Panetta's considerations are far-reaching enough, he is aware of the importance of maritime strategic deployment, but he has forgotten the most important thing. Now joining the International Ocean Convention Organization is equivalent to cutting some of the interests of the United States. The big consortiums certainly cannot tolerate this decision.

If President Mario wants Congress to pass a proposal, he must first test the tone of the members of Congress. Of course, the result of the feedback is that the vast majority of members disagree, and some of them are neutral. Only a small group are opposed to the United States joining the United Nations Law of the Sea. Convention expressed interest.

Among them, Congressman John Boehner from Tennessee directly threw the temporary reference proposal into the trash can, and disdainfully ridiculed that it was the worst proposal he had ever seen, bar none.Selling the interests of the United States to cater to other countries, they can figure it out.

He also complained that the 12 nautical mile jurisdiction principle and the 200 nautical mile economic exclusive rights of the coastline mean that American companies will be greatly restricted in certain gray industries that can bring huge profits, and now the United States is the first in the sea A powerful country does not need to be bound by the rules of other countries.

When the situation is unfavorable to oneself, it can accuse and demand the other party to conduct dialogue in accordance with the management regulations of the Ocean Convention.All in all, the international agreement is more like a farce manipulated by the United States.

The Soviet Union and the United States have diametrically opposed attitudes towards the International Maritime Convention Act. Yanayev actively promotes the development of the Maritime Convention Agreement and better participates in the international affairs of the earth's oceans.

For Yanayev, on the premise of maintaining the original balance of the European strategic center of gravity, the attention began to gradually shift to the Asia-Pacific region. Europe, whose economy is still in a downturn, at least temporarily let Yanayev breathe a sigh of relief.It also gradually developed from military land power doctrine to sea power doctrine.

Similarly, the chain reaction brought about by the awakening of sea power is huge. Today, when the number of the army is continuously reduced, the navy still maintains a certain momentum of development.Originally, the vine system built by Russia in history has a total of 4 satellites, namely two peony satellites and two lotus satellites, which can monitor enemy targets such as aircraft, ships, and cars in real time.The coordinates of enemy targets will be fed to the command post, where a real-time simulated map will be formed.In case of war, these targets can be struck with high precision.In fact, the working principle of the US satellite reconnaissance system is similar to this, but it is composed of nearly 100 KH20 and KH11 satellites that have been working in space orbit for about 12 years.

The current Soviet Union is not like the disintegrated Russia in history. Although the deployment of reconnaissance satellites was launched in the 90s, the latter did not launch the first satellite until 2007 due to insufficient funds.At least the Soviet Union can launch its first reconnaissance satellite around July this year.Then replace the previous mythical Virgin Earth satellite system.After all, by 1996, only 3 US-P satellites were still operating normally. Once these three satellites were all dead, all the satellites of the Soviet Union's marine satellite reconnaissance system would have failed, and its ability to monitor US aircraft carriers would also be completely lost.

This is why Yanayev accelerated the construction of the satellite system. From Glonass to the Vine system, the Soviet army was abolishing the army and eliminating old weapons and equipment, and the other side did not stop developing the technology industry. From the end of the 90s to the beginning of the 21st century, it was able to bring the Soviet army into the right direction of modernization and informatization.

In addition to the Minister of Defense, the top figures of the Soviet Army General Staff, and the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, the meeting was attended by those who were able to gather these people together, so there must be important matters to be announced.

Of course, they still waited for the exciting news that the Soviet government was planning to increase the budget of the Ministry of Defense, build the vine system, and continue to deepen the Soviet Union's detection methods for the US aircraft carrier battle group.

Smiryev smelled an ominous premonition, as if Yanayev, who had promised not to engage in an arms race with the United States before, had brought up the topic of an arms race again.So he was the first to express his point of view, "With all due respect, General Secretary Yanayev, why do we develop monitoring methods for US aircraft carriers while eliminating ships? It's not scientific."

"Comrade Smiryev, since 1975, our navy has established a four-dimensional three-dimensional monitoring network of land, sea, air, and space in order to prevent and attack US aircraft carrier battle groups. But at present, the Soviet Union's satellite reconnaissance system for US aircraft carriers is almost the same. Close to failure, right?"

"Yes." Smiryev admitted, "If there is another provocation in 1981, I'm afraid it will have the same embarrassing ending as before. The first two conflicts were a matter of luck. Hawthorn just happened to monitor the battle of the US aircraft carrier. Another time, the United States took advantage of our weak military strength and deliberately showed off their strength in front of us. Generally speaking, our Red Navy Pacific Fleet is still slightly inferior in strength."

What Smirev said made the army marshals present slightly stunned. The previous two successful contests made them mistakenly believe that although the Soviet Navy had a certain gap with the United States, they did not expect that the two successes were actually due to luck.

"Well, that's why I summoned you." Yanayev said, "Now you know the gap between us and the Americans. This time the budget of the Ministry of Defense will make further improvements to our reconnaissance system." The rectification is to ensure that the position of the US aircraft carrier battle group can be detected at the first time, and then deploy as quickly as possible to form a deterrent force against the aircraft carrier battle group and force the opponent to leave immediately."

Yanayev sighed, "The Asia-Pacific region in 1996 was destined not to be peaceful."

Is the Asia-Pacific region destined to be unsettled?

Everyone present felt an inexplicable pressure.

Chapter 431 Marine Monitoring System

"Comrade Smiryev, it's up to you to explain our ocean tracking system to the General Staff and the Ministry of Defense." Yanayev said.

All eyes in the meeting room were focused on Smiryev. To be fair, more than half of the people in the meeting room had higher ranks than him. Miryev is alone, because he is a figure from the navy, and the others are all separated by mountains.

"The Soviet Union's monitoring of US aircraft carriers is manifested in four aspects. In addition to space monitoring, there are also land monitoring systems, ocean monitoring systems and air monitoring systems. The land detection system is mainly composed of radar stations deployed in coastal areas, radio monitoring systems direction station, listening station, etc. The biggest disadvantage of the monitoring system currently retained by the Soviet Red Navy is that the detection distance of coastal radar stations is short, and passive positioning facilities such as radio direction-finding stations can only perform approximate positioning. Moreover, it may be attacked Sabotage of the United States electronic jamming system."

"The marine monitoring system consists of the navy's surface ships, submarines and civilian ships. Among them, nuclear submarines are the main force to track the US aircraft carrier battle group for a long time, while surface ships are not ideal wartime tracking platforms due to their poor concealment. However, surface ships are equipped with It has complete electronic reconnaissance equipment, which is suitable for tracking US aircraft carriers and collecting their electronic signal intelligence in peacetime. Our navy is now deploying a large number of ocean-going fishing boats equipped with electronic reconnaissance equipment in the Pacific Ocean, tracking US aircraft carriers at any time and collecting a lot of intelligence. Our fishing boats of this type are also called the Soviet Shadow Fleet by the U.S. Navy. Of course, the disadvantages of ocean-going fishing boats with electronic reconnaissance equipment have been exposed in the Barents Sea incident in 1981. As long as the U.S. uses electronic jamming, our scouting fishing boats would lose their target completely."

Having said that, other senior Soviet military leaders of the older generation were already sitting upright, listening to Misr Yev continue talking.

"There is also our air monitoring system. The aces of the Soviet naval aviation in tracking the US aircraft carrier are the Tu-95RT reconnaissance plane and the Tu-142 patrol plane. These two planes are improved versions of the famous Tu-95 bomber, with a maximum range of up to 15000 kilometers. Among them, Tu-95RT is equipped with long-range surface search radar, long-range anti-ship missile guidance radar, and electronic signal intelligence reconnaissance system. It is mainly responsible for searching and locating US aircraft carrier battle groups, and guiding anti-ship missiles to launch attacks. In the absence of interference, the Tu-95RT can spot a US aircraft carrier 12000 kilometers away at an altitude of 675 meters. The Tu-142 patrol aircraft is mainly responsible for long-range anti-submarine patrols, and also has the ability to detect US aircraft carriers. The main force of the aircraft carrier. But only in the absence of interference, the US aircraft carrier fleet will not wait for us to find them, they will inevitably adopt various anti-reconnaissance methods and dunk electronic interference."

After Smiryev finished his introduction, the entire meeting room fell silent, and several members of the staff raised questions, "That is to say, if the US aircraft carrier fleet wants to deal with our navy, the inspection system may only be half effective. Does it work?"

"Yes, the so-called integration of land, sea, sky, and space is just an idealized proposal. In reality, we may only have one or two to truly monitor the movements of US aircraft carriers. And this is still a fact. Otherwise, we will not It will be in a passive state in the previous operation."

Smiryev's words made everyone present fall into silence. Coupled with Yanayev's words that the Asia-Pacific region is destined not to be peaceful, many people felt an unprecedented sense of crisis coming.It seems that something earth-shattering was destined to happen in the Pacific Ocean in 1996, otherwise Yanayev would not have gathered a group of high-level officials to sit here to discuss the future development direction of the navy.

"In 1982, the United States held Operation 82 in the North Pacific. The subject of the exercise was to attack the Soviet Union. The US Navy's aircraft carrier formation used various concealed methods to push the aircraft carrier formation to the scheduled strike area near Sakhalin Island and was not attacked by the Soviet Union. Discovery of military power."

Yanayev's information surprised everyone, but Yanayev ignored their attitude and continued to say, "The US aircraft carrier formation is on the move, and the electronic reconnaissance system is switched to the radar and communication system. Active radiation sources, so that the entire fleet does not emit any radio waves. They have a comprehensive understanding of the enemy's satellite orbits in space in advance, and can predict when spy satellites will appear, and the enemy's satellite reconnaissance capabilities are also well known."

Comrade Yazov, Minister of Defense, lost his composure. He changed his sitting position several times before he could continue listening to Yanayev.This information was really unacceptable to him.

"The flight routes of an aircraft carrier formation are various, and weather factors are also predicted and calculated before the operation, which is convenient for concealment. They should also avoid approaching international shipping routes during navigation to avoid being discovered; during night navigation, night navigation lights According to the layout of merchant ships, instead of sailing in the dark, the arrangement of night navigation lights is exactly the same as that of international merchant ships; the actions of combat aircraft on aircraft carriers and helicopters on amphibious assault ships are strictly controlled to prevent radiation from radio sources."

"During the North Pacific 82 military exercise, the aircraft carrier formation used the above concealment methods and some other tactical means to push the formation right under our noses. Moreover, they took off helicopters to perform anti-submarine missions and used UHF communication during the operation, but The carrier formation was never detected because the operations were conducted outside of our radar horizon. Our reconnaissance satellites also failed to detect the carrier formation, and their formation continued to advance."

"At last the US carrier formation entered the waters within 2 kilometers of the Soviet mainland and remained undetected. In this area, the carrier formation conducted limited air operations. During the operation, the aircraft carrier's newspaper radio radar was silenced; fighter jets were not turned on after takeoff radio and radar installations; the fighter jets remained well beyond the horizon of the Soviet radar and flew to within two hundred nautical miles of the coast; the E[-] electronic warfare aircraft remained in passive combat flight status. This information comes from the KGB, and I think it is time for everyone here to recognize One fact is clear. The Soviet Union is indeed inferior to the other side in terms of surveillance."

One can imagine the strategic significance of a strategic strike force not being detected and punished for four full days within the strike range of the opponent's strategic base.

Seeing that some people in the General Staff Department were still aggrieved, Yanayev added a knife and said, "I want to know that some comrades here still want to say that our Kuznetsov is an air-control aircraft carrier. The 30 people on it The air defense capability of multiple SU-33 carrier-based aircraft is not a joke, and their role is to protect Soviet submarines and various ships to a distance of 600 kilometers from the US aircraft carrier, not to attack, and to a distance of 600 kilometers from the Americans , then the losers are the Americans. Because we have the most powerful naval saturation offensive strategy, don't we?"

"Even if the entire Soviet surface fleet is wiped out, the Soviet nuclear submarine only needs two SS-N-2s to launch a saturated attack on the US fleet, and the Soviet army has hundreds of nuclear submarines, right? But here Have you ever thought that if they attacked our most important military command post and other strategic units from the very beginning, do we still have the strength to fight back?"

Seeing that the goal of combating blind confidence had been achieved, Yanayev was about to encourage everyone present. He waved his hand, and the curtains of the conference room were drawn, and the entire conference room suddenly became dark.The staff around him opened the slide, and under the faint light of the slide, others saw an incredible scene on the screen.