Harry Potter’s Morning Light

   Chapter 2439 "Boundaries"

   For criminals in the 20th century, cleaning the scene to remove fingerprints, or committing crimes with gloves is basic common sense, because fingerprints will be used as evidence.

   But in the early 19th century, fingerprints were not evidence, and it was not until the middle and late 19th century that people realized that everyone’s fingerprints were different.

  Social needs are the fundamental driving force for the development of evidence science, but evidence science does not refer to criminal investigation techniques such as fingerprint images, DNA detection, and bloodstain identification, but rather the state of interdisciplinary research between evidence law and other disciplines. For example, the testimony of psychic media, in fact, the testimony of witnesses is not much more accurate than them. There are many factors that affect the memory of witnesses, such as light, camouflage, the speed of memory loss, and when witnesses identify the suspects in a row. , they can't even tell the difference.

The focus of people's attention is different when the case occurs. Someone first sees the knife, or the clothes the criminal is wearing. Once the clothes are changed, the witness will not recognize him unless he has received special training in physical feature recognition, and needs to Police officers and detectives are often trained in this area as part of their day job. Therefore, John Fielding encourages people to report the crime as soon as possible, to provide as many confessions and clues as possible while the memory is still clear, and sometimes invites the painter to draw the portrait of the criminal based on the description of the victim and print it on the wanted notice.

   But this will also lead to a bad consequence, that is, the existence of perjury, especially after the reward system, has caused a large number of perjury problems. Lawyers in the early 18th century were not yet qualified to enter criminal courts, or were allowed to intervene unless there were cases of treason, treason, etc. It was only in the 1730s that lawyers intervened in criminal cases to defend the defendants in order to cope with the overly powerful position of the prosecution and the perjury of confessions for the sake of reward.

  In the 1960s, there was a rule for oral testimony. When witnesses testify, they must put their hands on the Bible and swear that what they say is true. Rumors can also be adopted. In addition to the laws cited by the prosecution and the defense, the “knowledge base” that affects the judge’s and jury’s heart evidence also includes daily knowledge. This “knowledge base” includes daily life experience, logic laws, Personal experience and even personality factors, etc.

  Before Bentham, the English law of evidence was based on Locke's theory and tried to use the "best evidence" to unify all evidence. This "best evidence" is often the verdict evidence, and the judge is shown a written report, and the person in charge of the verdict investigation usually convicts the corpse as murder, and it is difficult to convict murder without a corpse, unless there is other evidence that can indirectly prove, Such as a large pool of blood, eyewitness testimony and corpse remains. Peter Pedirou faked his own death with a small thumb and made Sirius Black the murderer. According to the normal process, there should be accusations and defenses in court. These circumstantial evidences are not sufficient, but the judge at that time This step was lost, and Sirius was imprisoned in Azkaban.

There are also logical laws and personality factors that affect the judge's testimony. Sirius is from the famous Black wizard family, the Black family. Besides, Igor Karkarov was still spitting out new names at that time. His confession was "the best." Evidence," so much so that Barty Crouch old was stunned when Karkaroff named Barty Crouch Jr.

   Sure, it's a wizarding court, but it retains the rules of Bentham's pre-Muggle court like a living relic. Bentham's advocacy for reducing litigation costs and time-consuming pain is based on his utilitarian rationale. The most basic principle of this principle is the principle of non-exclusion. If there are no witnesses, including the parties themselves, their relevant evidence will be excluded, and they will not suffer from costs and time. For example, Mr. William Coker's two Wife, how can they testify that they have become ghosts? The principle of non-exclusion is to let the judge get in touch with the evidence as much as possible, and evaluate the probative force of the evidence according to the persuasiveness of the evidence.

   With so much evidence listed, will it reduce litigation costs and time? The best evidence is often written evidence. For example, a borrowed money from b, and a's father went to b's residence with him to ask to see the IOU, and then a burned the IOU while B was not paying attention, and claimed that the money had been repaid. He appealed to the court to decide whether to repay the money. At this time, a's father understood the compassion and testified that his son burned the "best evidence" loan without paying the money. If the judicial rigid process was followed, the case b would probably lose the case. , but is persuasive according to everyday behavior.

Bentham's legal reforms had a great impact on the common law, but William Coker's case was not a civil case, and the testimony given by the psychic cannot be classified under the rule of gossip and confession. The good thing is that his case has not yet been filed. Otherwise, he will not be able to leave the UK if he has two murders behind him.

  John Fielding will "stage" the process of reporting and finalizing the case in the theater. Whether it is just for fun or out of curiosity, you can visit. After the suspect is arrested and sent to Gongjie, he will be tried in front of many people. If the case is filed, the suspect will be sent to the criminal court. With so many people looking at it, torture cannot be used to extract a confession, and of course bribery cannot be used. The situation is like a 20th century interrogation room with cameras.

  To rule out perjury, a large number of visits are required. To be a scout on Bow Street, you must first be diligent. It is so hard and the salary is so low. There are really not many people who can persevere, but there are many people with conscience in this world. Because Bentham's judicial reform had just begun, and she was not familiar with criminal law in particular, Georgiana didn't talk to Padma in detail on the way back, and then they talked about Padma's "date" today.

   "He really thought I was afraid of that fake snake." Padma pouted and said, "I just subconsciously covered my eyes."

   "So you had a bad day?" asked Georgiana.

   "It's better than that day." Padma paused. "But I can't talk with him."

  Georgianna wanted to say that Padma and Charles were not from the same world, and then she remembered the question of Henri Petty, what was she talking about with Bonaparte?

   Just then, the carriage suddenly stopped, and she vaguely heard a cry for help.

   She and Padma stuck their heads out and found a ragged and dirty woman walking out of the forest, who was clawing at the front door for help.

  Leila and Margaret were in the carriage, and Georgiana was about to open the door when two dragoons ran past.

   One of them was Figuele, she stopped in front of the woman, and the woman immediately hugged Figuele's leg and cried loudly.

   "What happened?" Padma asked anxiously.

   "Stay in the car and don't move," said Georgiana, then pushed open the door as well.

   Just when she was about to get out of the car, she found that the ground was full of mud. If she just stepped on it like this, her expensive dress would basically be ruined.

   She is not afraid of getting dirty, but she is worried about money. She plans to wear this dress in the future, which can save some installation costs...

   hesitated for less than half a minute, another dragoon had come over.

   "Ma'am, that woman said she was attacked by robbers, and she escaped alone," said the dragoon.

   "Give her to the Brussels police," said Georgiana nonchalantly, and returned to the carriage.

   But after a long while, there was no response at all, and the woman was still holding on to Figel's thigh tightly.

  Georgianna sighed, opened the door again, and shouted to the outside, "Take her with me."

   Then he closed the door again.

  Padma looked at her with strange eyes.

   "Do what?"

   "A sympathetic person, shouldn't he save people right away?" Padma condemned.

   "Are you going to prepare a hot bath for her, and a cup of hot cocoa?" Georgiana said jokingly.

"if not?"

"Taking a bath will destroy the evidence on the body and affect the police's investigation and evidence collection, but I can give her a cup of hot cocoa, but I don't think it's safe to stay in the forest in the middle of the night. You heard just now that she was attacked by robbers. It's possible they're still chasing her."

   "Then what do we do?"

   "Go back to the castle." As soon as Georgiana finished speaking, the carriage moved. "The castle has a drawbridge and a city wall, so it may not be able to defend against cannons and regular troops, but it's okay to defend against robbers."

   She yawned after saying that, wondering if she could get a good night's sleep tonight.

   (end of this chapter)