Harry Potter’s Morning Light

   Chapter 2125 Flower dispute (thirty-three)

Bird's nest is the nest of swiftlets living in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Siam and Malaysia. It is a gelatinous substance that swallows chew and chew with seaweed. It was brought by ships from Siam to China during the Qing Dynasty. Most are from Southeast Asia and Japan.

   The Qing-Myanmar War was one of Qianlong's "Ten Quan Martial Arts". After the war, the Qing court sent envoys to enshrine the Burmese king and formally established the relationship between the suzerain and the vassal.

However, Siam stopped paying tribute. Compared with Myanmar, which had no choice but to declare itself a vassal to the Qing Empire after the Qing Dynasty’s more than ten years of war, Cantonese Zheng Xin submitted a letter to the Qing court from the very beginning of the establishment of his regime, hoping to succeed the king of Ayutthaya. The Qing emperor canonized him as the king of Siam.

   But Emperor Qianlong thought that he had won the country injustice and refused to recognize him, and replied with a stern letter. Three years later, Zheng Xin took advantage of the Qing-Myanmar War to **** a group of Burmese prisoners for donation, and asked for the seal again. After some twists and turns, Zheng Xin was finally recognized by the Qing court as the king of Siam, and the Thonburi Dynasty was once again incorporated into the Central Plains. in the suzerainty system.

The tributary system is a hierarchical networked political order system established by the Central Plains Dynasty as the main core. The Central Plains Dynasty established suzerainty relationships by canonizing rulers outside the Central Plains, thus forming a world co-lord of "under the whole world, is it not the king's land" The concept of "world".

   On this basis, Southeast Asia has also formed a mandala system. Northeast Asia belongs to the Chinese script circle, while Southeast Asia uses Sanskrit as the common language. From the perspective of civilization, Northeast Asia tends to be more Confucian, while Southeast Asia has experienced a long period of Indianization. Even though India has begun to decline after the 13th century, Indian elements of Sanskrit, code and other civilizations have been preserved and localized in this region.

From the perspective of the tributary system, in the eyes of the suzerain China, all countries in the "world" are equal and equal, but there are actually competition and contradictions within the tributary countries, and compared with Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia abides by the tributary activities Only on profitable criteria. Siam and Burma have been in constant conflict. Even during the Qing-Burma War, Burma sent troops to occupy Siam and led to the demise of Siam's Ayutthaya dynasty.

   In this war, both sides dispatched a large number of white elephants, and the scene was spectacular.

   "What?" asked Georgiana.

   "Nothing," said Bonaparte as if he didn't care.

   She looked at him suspiciously.

   "Keep reading," he urged.

   So Georgiana continued to read.

   It was precisely because of the demise of the Ayutthaya Dynasty that Zheng Xin was given the opportunity to establish the Thonburi Dynasty, and he drove out the Burmese who had occupied the capital of Siam. Maybe Zheng Xin heard the story of the Battle of Julu in China. Like Xiang Yu in the Battle of Julu, he ordered all the pots of the march to be smashed, and told the soldiers that if they did not capture the city, they would go to the city for dinner. , you all had to starve to death, and then he took the lead in charging on a war elephant.

  Cheng Shin was a brave military leader, and the Thonburi dynasty rose to glory during his rule.

   At the same time, he is also a businessman who pays attention to interests. In the tributary system, the Central Plains Dynasty has always adhered to the principle of "reciprocity and small exchanges". The gifts returned by the Central Plains Dynasty will be richer than that of the tribute party, so this is undoubtedly a good deal in the eyes of the vassal states. Moreover, the envoys of the tributary will bring a large number of domestic products to China for sale and sale each time they do the tributary trade with their hearts. They can enjoy some preferential policies. For example, the Macartney envoys can enjoy tax exemption. But in the eyes of the Chinese bureaucracy, this is a loss-making business. Not only can the silk, porcelain, and plain fabrics given back by China be sold at very high prices in the tributary countries, but they can also be exported to the West.

   During the sea ban in the Ming Dynasty, the tributary trade was also the only trade channel between the Central Plains Dynasty and the vassal states, but the Siamese came too diligently, similar to North Korea. From a distance point of view, North Korea was much closer than Siam.

The main purpose of establishing friendly relations between Siam and the Qing government was the need for overseas trade. Before normal trade was resumed, Siam had to send bird's nest and other commercial goods that China needed to Japan, and then the Japanese sold them to the "Tang Mansion". merchant.

Regardless of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large amount of silver was needed. China exported raw silk and imported silver from Japan. In the mid-17th century, the Edo shogunate issued the "Chasting Enjoyment Order", which stipulated that the total amount of silver that Chinese ships could only bring back was 6,000. The rest are replaced by copper. Ships to Japan are classified into different grades according to the place of departure, and the trade volume is apportioned to each ship within the range of 6,000.

  Restrictions on the export of silver led to a danger that the smuggling trade known as "pulling" increased, and in order to strengthen the management of Chinese merchants, the Japanese Tang Mansion was initially allowed to enter the port with only 70 ships, and later increased to 80.

  The policy of compulsory restrictions has achieved obvious results, and the export volume of Japanese copper has increased significantly. The reason for this phenomenon is that China makes copper coins, but even so, the shogunate still felt that the price of Chinese copper purchases from Japan was too low, so they made copper coins themselves. They set up a "one copper" in Osaka and tried to create a silver-copper relationship system to effectively control the copper trade in Nagasaki, but even so the copper trade came to a standstill, and the number of Chinese ships entering the port from Nagasaki was reduced to 59.

This policy clearly stipulates that while reducing the volume of copper trade, it expands the scope of trade to seafood, such as dried abalone, sea cucumber, shark fin, and Siamese bird's nest, which are known as "taowu" because they are exported in straw bags. ".

The change of food products is not only a matter of the supply side, but also considers the strong demand for dry goods on the consumer side. Products such as kelp, dried squid, dried shrimp, jelly, etc. are called "various colors" because of their cheap prices. , China's demand is very large, only 80 Chinese ships can not meet the export demand of Japan, but the Qing court also imposed restrictions on Japanese ships.

  In the Ming Dynasty, that is, during the Warring States Period of Japan, various great names once competed to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty.

   In this way, one can get the canonization and obtain the status of "orthodox". Since the Onin Rebellion, the Muromachi shogunate has been in vain, and the daimyo in various places have formed new noble families. Second, they can obtain the power of legal trade.

In order to win the roster of the tribute, the daimyo and temples had fierce competition. Before the Japanese tributary envoys returned to China in the eighth year of Zhengde, the Ming Dynasty sent them a new booklet. The Da Nei clan seized it, and the Da Nei clan got this booklet and prepared to monopolize the tribute of the Ming Dynasty, so they sent three ships to Ningbo Port.

   This incident aroused dissatisfaction with other feudal lords and temples in Japan. Among them, the Hosokawa clan, who was entrenched in the port of collapse, also proposed to the central shogunate to share the benefits of the tribute. At that time, the Hosokawa clan was powerful and was close to Kyoto. The shogunate was afraid of the Hosokawa clan's plans, so they did not refuse. After the Zhengde booklet was snatched by the Ouchi clan, the Kyoto shogunate handed over the obsolete Hongzhi Kanhe booklet to the Hosokawa clan. After the Hosokawa clan got the booklet, they immediately sent a "tributary ship", which was probably bigger than the Ouchi clan. Arrived at Ningbo port ten days later.

At that time, after accepting the bribe, the **** of the NB City Shipping Division violated the "first come, first served" rule. First, he inspected the goods of the Hosokawa family, and then held a banquet. Not only did the Ouchi family and the Hosokawa family sit together at the same time, but also Make Hosokawa's position more noble than Ouchi's.

This angered Ouchi's envoys, so he killed Hosokawa's envoys at the banquet and burned their tribute boats. The deputy ran away when he saw the situation was bad, but Ouchi chased him. From Ningbo to Shaoxing.

In history, this was known as the "Battle of Tribute". The envoys of the Danai clan who paid tribute suddenly turned into robbers, burned, killed and looted along the way. The Ming Dynasty dispatched the army to suppress it. This incident led the Ming Dynasty government to abolish the Fujian and ZJ Shipping Divisions. , leaving only the GD Ship Division, which also led to the severance of the tributary trade route between the Ming Dynasty and Japan.

  After the change of Honnoji Temple, Toyotomi Hideyoshi replaced Oda Nobunaga and became the first feudal lord to unify Japan with the title of "People of the World".

   Toyotomi Hideyoshi is a bit like Zhu Yuanzhang. He also became a monk, but he was not willing to be ordinary. He put down the scriptures and went to Oda Nobunaga's account.

  In his time, people wore more gorgeous clothes, which led to Japan's high dependence on Chinese raw silk.

   However, the high price of raw silk was unbearable for the warrior class who had just ended the war. They needed more territory and more farmers to support them.

   In the tributary system, Korea has always been an important and special vassal state, which represents the stability of the East Asian order.

   At the same time, Japan and North Korea face each other across the sea, and Japan has not moved North Korea’s idea for a thousand years since the Battle of Shirakawa River.

At this time, the Ming Dynasty was already showing signs of decline. Zhang Juzheng was dead, Qi Jiguang was also dead, and the Japanese side had just completed the reunification, the combat power and morale were extremely strong, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi controlled Japan's largest silver mountain, so he They recruited troops to buy horses and sent troops to Korea on the grounds that Korea refused to ally with Japan to attack the Ming Dynasty.

   Toyotomi Hideyoshi's first-stage war of invading Korea ended with peace talks with the Ming Dynasty, but Wanli only recognized his right to rule over Japan, not Korea, and "enclosed" the Ming Dynasty.

   Toyotomi Hideyoshi was of course reluctant to declare himself a minister, but he needed time to recuperate, so after receiving the edict, he put on the Ming Dynasty crown uniform and hosted a banquet in Osaka to entertain the Ming Dynasty envoys. More than a year later he rebelled again and invaded North Korea again, this time Toyotomi Hideyoshi still lost, and died on the way, his 5-year-old son succeeded him.

In order to restrain those daimyo who are as ambitious as him, Toyotomi Hideyoshi chose the "five elders" of the veteran faction such as Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the "five pursuits" of the young strong faction such as Ishida Sancheng, so as to avoid excessive power and mutual restraint , but the "young master" is too small. After the Sekihara War, the "Five Pursuits" disintegrated, Tokugawa Ieyasu was named the Great General of Conquering Barbarians, and then the Battle of Osaka Winter and Summer broke out. Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his mother committed suicide, and the entire Japanese regime fell into the Edo shogunate. In the hands of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

  After the establishment of the Qing government, Hong Taiji changed his diplomatic strategy towards Japan, trying to establish official relations with Japan through Korea. In the Shunzhi period, they expressed their goodwill in establishing diplomatic relations by returning the Japanese drifters.

   However, Japan refused to join the Manchu tributary system.

First, the Tokugawa shogunate also established its own "shogunate system", which strengthened the centralization of the shogunate and weakened the power of the vassal. In the early days of the shogunate, the policy of opening to the outside world was adopted. This measure made the vassal lords in the west stronger. Second, the introduction of Christianity broke out a series of rebellions that affected the shogunate's rule, such as the "Amakusa Rebellion". The third was the outflow of silver. Even if there were silver mountains in Japan, there were times when they were exhausted, so the shogunate issued five orders to lock the country. Stop building large ships, stop preaching, and implement lock downs.

   Businessmen who travel between China and Japan need to provide a trade license called "credit card". Ships without a letter card are not allowed to trade.

This system was first proposed by Japan, and it was officially called "New Regulations for the Mutual Market of Maritime Ships", but because it was promulgated in the fifth year of Zhengde in Japan, it was called "New Regulations of Zhengde", and the ruler of the Central Plains at that time was Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. , his era is the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi.

   Kangxi promulgated the "Zhanhai Order" in the 23rd year. In the same year, Japan also issued the "Zhenxiang Order". The "Zhenxiang Order" only controlled the export of silver. In the "Zhengde New Regulations", both silver and copper were restricted. In the face of this provocative behavior, Kangxi finally decided to continue to use the letter card, but during the implementation process, the ships in Fuzhou and Quanzhou did not get the letter card, so these ships were ordered to leave the shore immediately after entering the port. The extremely angry ship owners sued the ship owners in Nanjing and Ningbo after they docked in Ningbo. They believed that the Jiangnan merchants who got the letter plate with the Japanese "Zhengde" era name after arriving in Japan damaged the prestige of the Qing Dynasty.

   Under the mediation of the emperor, the Jiangnan merchants lent the credit cards to the Fujian merchants, but due to various obstructions by the Jiangnan merchants, the Fujian merchants had to withdraw from the Sino-Japanese trade.

At the same time, in order to get rid of the dependence on Japanese dry goods, not only China's coastal areas began to grow kelp, but also imported from other countries, Southeast Asian immigrants also began. Siam King Zheng Xin is the descendant of immigrants and local indigenous women, and he also served as a Monk, learn Thai, Chinese and Vietnamese in the monastery.

Bird's nest at that time was "extremely expensive". By comparing the 39 episodes of "Dream of Red Mansions" and the 23 episodes of "Jin Ping Mei" crab feast, it can be concluded that the purchasing power of silver in Cao Xueqin's period was only half of that of Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng's Wanli year, which means that the bird's nest in the Qing Dynasty The price is at least twice that of the Ming Dynasty. The musician Li Ming hired by Ximen Qing paid 5 taels of silver a month. He could buy a pound of bird's nest without eating or drinking for half a year. If it was replaced by Manqing, he would have to save it for a whole year to buy a pound.

  The huge market demand and price forced the Manchus to open up new import channels and recognize the Siamese tribute. At the same time, smuggling became very rampant. As a substitute for "trust cards", the Qing government issued "quasi-maritime merchants to receive Japanese tickets", and the letter cards were only used as trade marks and were no longer responsible for auditing.

  This means that the navy of the Qing Dynasty would not care about the merchant ships going to Japan, and they would not have to worry about the shogunate exercising the "capture power". In Europe, there were privateers, and they could "capture" merchant ships without a license.

With this guarantee, all Chinese ships can go to Japanese ports after getting the quasi-maritime merchant's ticket. Even if they can't enter the port, they can disguise the shipwreck to unload and pick up the goods. Pulling load prohibited by the shogunate.

  In the Northeast, the Qing Dynasty was worried that the pirate remnants would pretend to be merchants, so they established "local merchants", that is, "local" trustworthy merchants to be bonded shops. This model is somewhat similar to the Thirteenth Bank in Guangzhou, but it is a bit different from the Thirteenth Bank.

If the main concern of Guangzhou Thirteen Lines is "fairness in buying and selling", while the companies in the northeast are concerned with "subordination", Arai Usishi, who promulgated the new case of Zhengde, was called his "one body" by Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the Central Plains Dynasty In the core order, Japan and other neighboring countries are called "Yi" and have been in a lowly position for a long time. However, the Jurchens are nomads, and the Tokugawa shogunate gave birth to the consciousness of competing for the orthodox status of "China", and even had plans to subvert the Chinese-style tributary system and implement the Japanese-style tributary system. the goal of.

Liuhe Port was the largest trade distribution center at that time. After foreign businessmen arrived at Liuhe Port, they had to go to the bonded bank to explain their origins. After the bonded bank confirmed that the foreign businessman was fine, they would report to the customs and pay taxes on his behalf. Only after all this was completed, foreign businessmen could conduct business. , they have to go to the local tooth bank with the bills issued by the bonded bank.

  The initiators of the An-Shi Rebellion, An Lushan and Shi Siming, were both born in Yalang. They were like brokers, matching other people's transactions. In the Northeast, there are foreign and domestic merchants. The domestic merchants mainly come from the south of the Yangtze River. They bring raw silk, soybeans and other materials. There are many soy sauce shops in the Northeast, but the sale of rice grains is prohibited.

The dental bank must be the guarantor of the domestic business identity. They must obtain a license from the Chief Secretary, supervise the commodities to be traded, and at the same time handle the export procedures for foreign businessmen, so as to avoid disputes between domestic and foreign businessmen as much as possible. , charge a handling fee of 1% to 2%. If the foreign businessman does not have the certificate issued by the bonded bank, the tooth bank bears the full responsibility for the accident. With the certificate of the bonded bank, the four bonded banks are responsible for the accident.

A "local businessman" does not have to be a local, as long as he has a clear identity, has close ties with the locals, and is familiar with the mainland model. For example, he can be a grocery store owner at the same time, but he only does groceries, and the bonded bank needs to pay the capital. tariff.

   The most famous local bonded shop in Liuhe, Wu Yuanwai, used to be a refugee. In the late Ming Dynasty, he came to Liuhe to escape the war and became the son-in-law of the local rich Ji family. With the inheritance left by his father-in-law, he opened a bonded shop.

  Although it is forbidden to directly transport grain from Jiangnan to the Yellow Sea, it does not stipulate the transportation of soybeans from Shandong to Liaodong, nor does it stipulate how to transport soy sauce.

   And with the development of Liaodong, the Northeast has changed from grain import to grain export.

   Since the Qianlong period, more and more soybean oil extraction workshops have been opened in the Northeast. These oils are not only used as lamp oil, but the bean dregs after oil extraction have also become fertilizers. The cooking method of stir-frying has gradually become popular with the increase in soybean oil production.

   Sooner or later, bird's nest will enter the homes of common people like Wang Xietang Qianyan, but the vast majority of people in Manchu and Qing Dynasties have never eaten a single bite of this high-grade ingredient in their lives. According to Tao Te Ching, governing a big country is like cooking small fresh food. Zhuangzi Xu Wugui said, "There is no such thing as a ruler in the world, but each is what he is."

   Everyone has their own view of right and wrong, and everyone else's sounds are reasonable, so should they all accept it? Do you have to accept it all? What about your own view of right and wrong?

  Zhuangzi said, if everyone can be his own way, then everyone in the world can be Tang Yao.

   Compared with cooking, Zhuangzi prefers to play the qin. He asked the person who was debating with him to set up two qin. Zhuangzi played the palace strings first, and the palace sounds followed, and the palace strings next door vibrated.

   This is probably the earliest description of string resonance.

  If any one of the strings changes the key, any one of the five notes will be different, and all strings will vibrate when you play it. This is the phenomenon of fundamental and overtone resonance.

   For example, for an Italian singer, the fundamental tone is the original voice, and the overtones are the sounds made after resonating in the oral and nasal cavities, such as coloratura soprano, lyrical bass, but if he can't pronounce the fundamental tone, it is useless to practice mouth shapes.

   Play the retuned string, all twenty-five strings move, most of them are the same as before, except that the main sound is the sound of the retuned string.

A hundred schools of thought contended with Qi people and sent their son to Song country to let him guard the door, but did not let his son take the key, and he was like a parent who had lost his child. When it was time to cross the river, the boatman offended the boatman before the boat docked. Isn't he afraid that the boatman would not let him land alive...

   "For forty years, I have served the people, commanded the army, defeated the enemy, and the world is in the palm of my hand..."

  Georgianna looked at the "Italian Singer" next to him coldly. None of the "basic notes" he sang were accurate, let alone overtones.

   "I control its fate, and I have always known that, in all things, the fate of the country will be settled in an instant."

   Napoleon sang the lines from "The Death of Caesar", she threw the pillow on "Caesar"'s face to prevent him from continuing to sing this unlucky song.

He got angry, he lifted the pillow on his face and rushed towards her, trying to tickle her until she begged for mercy, and then he used the "perseverance" of turning over the Alps twice to continue reading this book "Nick Polo" Travel Notes".

   Fengtian carries the emperor, and the system is said: Sacred benevolence is widely transported, and wherever the heavens and the earth are carried, there is no one who respects the orders of the emperor. Pu general **** Haiyu sunrise, not to serve. In the past, my emperor had many births. The turtle, new dragon, and dragon seals are given to the realm of Fusang from afar; Heir to the rise of sea waves, occasionally caused by the wind. When this is flourishing, consult Er Toyotomi Hideyoshi Ping, rise to Haibang, and respect China. Xi Chi, an envoy, was delighted to come to the same company. Knocking at the pass of thousands of miles in the north, I am willing to ask for the attachment. Love is both firm and submissive, and kindness is soft. Zitfenger was the king of the day, and gave him an imperial order. In the play of the dragon Benzhi letter, wearing the crown and clothes on the sea surface, fashionable in the fashion, and guarding the vassal in the ***, you should be repaired when you read the official position. Follow the guidelines strictly, and thank the emperor for his gratitude. There is no substitute for the sincerity, only the words of the word, and the teaching of the voice forever. Chinja!

   This is the original text of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's edict stored in the Osaka Museum

   (end of this chapter)