Black technology starts from the steel suit

Chapter 241
In the end Director Lu did not persuade Wang Feng, so he had no choice but to resign.

But think about it, this is normal. Is there any great scientist, entrepreneur, or politician who can achieve remarkable success without a strong sense of autonomy?
If a person is easily persuaded by others, then he is not a person who can accomplish great things.

This does not mean that this person is determined to have his own way and cannot listen to the advice of others, but that he has his own persistence, his own ideals and goals.

Is Grand Unified Theory difficult?

Very difficult!
Is it difficult to unify the electromagnetic force and the strong interaction force?

It is second only to the grand unified theory, otherwise he would not be left behind to solve it.

At the micro level, quantum field theory is the product of the combination of special relativity (mass-energy conversion), quantum mechanics (probability and uncertainty), and classical field theory (interacting field model), also known as relativistic quantum theory. Field theory.In quantum field theory, it can be further subdivided according to electromagnetic force, weak force, and strong force:
Quantum Field Theory of Electromagnetic Force - Quantum Electrodynamics.

Strong quantum field theory - quantum chromodynamics (named for the color charge of quarks), or quantum strong dynamics.

Quantum field theory of the weak force - quantum electroweak theory (the electromagnetic force and the weak force can be unified), or quantum electroweak theory.

Then, the quantum field theory about the three forces of strong and weak electricity is collectively called the standard model of particle physics.And, along with the Standard Model, the predicted particles have all been successfully verified experimentally—meaning that this theoretical framework is complete.

However, not only that, based on the Big Bang model of the universe, physicists discovered that the electromagnetic force, strong force, and weak force turned out to be a unified "super force". Theoretical calculations show that:

在10^-43秒（即普朗克时间），温度10^32K，在10^-36秒，温度10^28K。

Between 10^-43 seconds and 10^-35 seconds, the temperature is 10^29K, "strong and weak electricity" is a unified force, with all possible symmetries, the temperature at this time is also known as the Great Unification temperature.

After 10^-36 seconds, when the temperature drops below 10^28K, the strong force separates first, but the electromagnetic force and the weak force are still unified.

在10^-10秒，温度下降到10^15K时（约太阳核心温度的1亿倍），电磁力与弱力分离。

It can be seen that "strong and weak electricity" completely and uniformly describes the microcosm, and quantum field theory-has become the "truth" of the microcosm.

But obviously, the macroscopic gravitational force-is blocked from this "microscopic truth".

Although we know that macroscopic matter must be composed of microscopic particles, but microscopic particles from large to small, from molecules to atoms to protons and neutrons, and finally to elementary particles, cannot find the "shadow" of macroscopic gravity.

Then why does the existence of gravity at the macroscopic level disappear at the microscopic level?
In fact, from the perspective of quantum field theory, the three microscopic forces - the strong force, the weak force, and the electromagnetic force - are all generated by the transfer of gauge bosons between particles.

These gauge bosons correspond to the gluons, W and Z bosons and photons that produce the three forces. They are also called messenger particles.Because, they are like "information", and transmitting them causes the quantum field to generate corresponding forces.

For example, in the electromagnetic field, particles with the same charge transmit photons to generate repulsion, and particles with opposite charges transmit photons to generate attraction. Photons bear the function of "information".

So according to this "routine", people will naturally think of whether there is a microscopic gauge boson called graviton for macroscopic gravity, and the collision and exchange of gravitons is the microscopic nature of gravity. where.

Obviously, according to this idea, the macroscopic gravity can be incorporated into the microscopic quantum field theory, and a reasonable explanation can be obtained, and this is the research direction of the quantization of gravity, and it is also one of the ways to realize the grand unified theory.

However, in order to realize the quantization of gravity, the results of renormalization mathematical calculations cannot completely and self-consistently describe the quantization of gravity-this kind of problem will only be manifested obviously at the Planck scale.

The reason is that when trying to introduce “virtual” gravitons to carry out the quantization calculation of the gravitational field, because the gravitons will attract each other, and adding up all the attractive forces, there will always be many infinite values, And through any mathematical tricks, it is impossible to offset these infinite values—.

Later, physicists realized that the emergence of infinite results shows that we have applied the theory to a place beyond its application range, and it also shows that the current theory is not "universal" enough.

Therefore, the quantization of gravity is still an "unsolved problem".

Of course, maybe this direction itself is "wrong", that is, gravity should not be quantized, gravitons do not exist at all, and gravity does not exist in the microcosm in the form of particles.

Then, in the quantum field theory, besides the quantization of gravity, there is another solution that can calm down the contradiction between gravity and quantum fluctuations under the Planck scale, that is: the supersymmetric quantum field theory, the principle of which is, Take advantage of the supersymmetry between bosons (integer spin) and fermions (half-integer spin)

(Supersymmetry), to reduce the tendency of quantum fluctuations, so that gravity can exist in the world of microscopic "crazy waves".

And because supersymmetric quantum field theory uses supersymmetry to unify general relativity and quantum field theory, it is also called supergravity theory.

But physicists have discovered that the universe is not completely left-right symmetric, that is, the universe is chiral, and it is this feature (especially the parity violation of the weak force) that makes it almost impossible for the Standard Model to incorporate high-dimensional - Supergravity theory (framework).

Non-conservation of parity—it means that in the weak interaction, the motion asymmetry of matter that is the mirror image of each other.

Then, from the perspective of string theory, it believes that there is no physical reality below the Planck scale in the universe. Therefore, at the micro level, string theory unifies gravity and the other three forces.

In fact, in reality, except for some of the most extreme cases (such as the central interior of a black hole), physics studies things that are either small and light (such as atoms and their constituent parts) or large and heavy (such as such as stars and galaxies), but never have both properties, i.e. small and heavy.

So, for something, physics only needs general relativity (big laws) or quantum mechanics (small laws), and that's enough.

Then why does the same universe, with the same material composition, show completely different laws and laws on different scales, and require different physical theoretical models to explain and describe?
In The Strings of the Universe, Brian Greene puts it this way:
"The universe can be an extreme case. At the center of a black hole, a huge amount of matter is squeezed into a tiny space; at the moment of the big bang, the entire universe exploded from a dust particle smaller than a grain of sand. The "heavy" field has a very small volume and a frighteningly large mass, so quantum mechanics and general relativity should be introduced together. "

Therefore, what is certain is that general relativity and quantum mechanics are two models of the universe from different perspectives, and there must be a higher-dimensional perspective that can unify the four most basic interaction forces from the microscopic to the macroscopic , giving a more comprehensive and complete model of the universe, which is the basis for the existence of the grand unified theory.

So, as far as the current situation is concerned, the inconsistency between the macro and micro theories must be caused by the flaws in the "cognitive system" of our universe.

And if we want to understand the ultimate truth of the universe - we need a theoretical model of the universe that can unify the macro and micro to explain all physical reality, and the origin of black holes and the universe is the reality hidden behind the world.

So we gradually moved from the microcosm to the macrocosm, because we found that our understanding of the universe was biased.

Human beings are really too small, just like a grain of dust in the universe; the earth and even the entire solar system are not considered big, it is just a small star system at the very edge of the Milky Way galaxy.

The earth is just an insignificant planet of the sun, even if it is combined with other celestial bodies in the solar system, it only accounts for less than 0.2% of the entire star system.

The universe we have come into contact with is actually only a tiny bit in size.

So astrophysics comes in handy at this time. We can improve our universe model by observing various existences in the universe. The most important thing is to explore the origin of the Big Bang.

One of the seven viewpoints of modern cosmology—the Big Bang viewpoint is an important theoretical basis for unifying the four interaction forces.

At some point 180 billion years ago, a terrible cosmic explosion occurred. According to the theory of relativity, at the moment of the big bang, time and space were simultaneously born.But during a very short period of time (about 10-44 seconds) at the beginning of the Great Depression, there were no celestial bodies, no particles, and no radiation in the universe. It was just pure and symmetrical space-time that expanded rapidly in an exponential manner.

Therefore, during this period of time, there can never be four kinds of interaction forces that can be distinguished, and perhaps the entire universe is expanding under one effect.According to the principle of symmetry, the universe should be spherical (Einstein hypercircle model).Therefore, the space-time is curved, and at 4-10s after the explosion, the curvature of space-time laid the foundation for the generation of the huge gravitational effect, and the gravitational effect was first divided.

American physicist Dirac combined general relativity, mass-energy equation (E-mc2) and quantum theory, and made an epoch-making derivation, and obtained the famous Dirac equation, which predicted that material particles could be created by gathering energy. From the big bang moment (t=0) to 10-36s, the universe at this time is much smaller than it is now, and the unimaginably huge energy is enclosed in such a small universe. According to Dirac's theory, a large number of matter particles must be produced, The strong force differentiates.

As the universe continues to expand, the effective distance between matter particles increases continuously, and the electromagnetic force between charged matter particles is reflected, and the electromagnetic force is divided after 10~10s.

So far, four kinds of natural interactions in nature have emerged.

Since the four kinds of interaction forces were gradually divided under different conditions during the initial process of the gradual formation of the universe after the Big Bang, people have every reason to think that under certain specific conditions, they can be These four natural forces are unified to establish a grand unified theory, and use this theory to explain various natural phenomena.

The success of electroweak unification - when the boson's energy goes well beyond 100Gev, its mass tends to zero, and it behaves in a very similar way to a photon.But at lower energies, bosons have greater mass, allowing them to travel short distances.This theory can well unify the electromagnetic and weak nuclear interaction, which is called the electroweak interaction, and this theory has an experimental basis.

An incomplete attempt at grand unification - experiments at high-energy particle accelerators have proven that the strong nuclear force becomes much weaker at huge energies, while the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force become stronger at high energies.From this, physicists predict that at a very high energy called grand unity, there may be three kinds of force-transmitting particles, namely virtual photons, intermediate bosons, and gluons, with the same behavior and properties, and different material particles. will basically become the same, so that these three forces can be unified into the performance of one force under different conditions.

There are two points to be pointed out here: first, the value of the grand unified energy is still not very clear, let alone experimentally verified; second, this unified theory does not include the ubiquitous and ever-present gravity.So this is an imperfect grand unified theory.

In fact, micro and macro are scales—relative concepts.Because on a larger scale, the original macro is the micro, and on a smaller scale, the original micro is the macro.

In other words, constructing macro from micro is a process of constructing “relative macro” from “relative micro”.

For example, for the human being as a whole - macro, then for a person - micro, and a person's behavior (ie movement) is random and unpredictable.The reason why when we look at a person, the characteristics of microscopic particles do not appear, because we have the same scale as a person, but different from the scale of a particle. On a macroscopic scale, a person's behavior will be similar to a microscopic particle .

For example, for the macroscopic universe, celestial galaxies are microscopic. String theory believes that a black hole may be equivalent to a microscopic particle. The expansion of the universe may be the weak interaction of this "cosmic particle".The reason why we look at celestial galaxies is different from microscopic particles is because the scales are different, and celestial galaxies look at us similarly to looking at microscopic particles.

According to the no-hair theorem of black holes, a black hole is as simple as an elementary particle, because elementary particles also concentrate mass, angular momentum, and electric charge in a small volume.The elementary particle, in turn, may be a "miniature black hole".String theory believes that a connection between microscopic black holes and microscopic particles can be found.

Black hole no hair theorem (No-Hair Theorem) - means that no matter what kind of black hole, its ultimate properties are only determined by a few physical quantities (mass, angular momentum, charge)."Hairless" here is a manifestation of the small amount of information (or information is lost), and "black hole hairless" was originally a conjecture by physicist Wheeler, which was later confirmed.

If understood in this way, according to the "quantum characteristics", the microcosm is an infinite number of uncertain parallel universes, and our world is the microcosm, so our world is one of the countless uncertain parallel universes.

So macroscopically, what we see is a certain result (in line with the general relativity model), because we can only be in a certain world, and our perspective can only see this certain universe, that is: You can't see other parallel universes - because you are in the microcosm.

On the microscopic level, what we see is an uncertain result (in line with the quantum mechanical model), because we have a more macroscopic perspective than the microscopic, so we can see more uncertainty, that is: see The superposition of possibilities from parallel universes—because we are in the macro.

It feels very contradictory!
(End of this chapter)