Black technology starts from the steel suit

Chapter 210 Chapter 210 Untitled (Change Tomorrow)

"Why do atoms decay?"

"Has anyone got up and answered this question?"

A teacher asked in class, but after seeing that no one got up to answer, the teacher decisively resorted to his trump card: "Is there no classmate who got up to answer? I plan to add some normal points."

"Teacher, here!"

"here!"

"here…"

Sure enough, after using this big killer, the students' activity level increased a lot, and they all learned to answer quickly.

"The reason why the atom decays is mainly because the atom itself, its nucleus is not stable. So it will have a tendency to transform from an unstable state to a stable state."

"That is to say, unstable nuclides will transform into stable nuclides. This behavior is spontaneous and almost irreversible."

"The decay is mainly a process involving the weak interaction force, and the speed of this process is related to the stability of the nucleon. According to the experimental data, for the same type of elements, the greater the difference in the number of protons and neutrons, the more unstable the sum is, in other words In other words, too few neutrons or too many neutrons will cause faster decay."

"Of course, this speed is not a conceptual speed, which is not the same as the speed in our usual sense. It does not fall on a single nucleus, but a statistical concept."

"The decay of atomic nuclei is a manifestation of the microcosm, and one of the characteristics of the microcosm is that the state of a single particle cannot be directly observed or predicted. In other words, for a single atom, we cannot know his When will it decay."

"But if it is enlarged to a group, it becomes predictable again. For example, the half-life is a statistical law used to describe this behavior."

"Okay, this student is right. You can add five points to your usual score." The professor waved his hand and told him to sit down.

"The decay process of a radioactive element is determined within itself, and has nothing to do with the physical or chemical state of the outside world. This student said it very well, so I won't say more."

"Let's mainly talk about one of its causes, which is the weak interaction force."

"As we all know, there are four fundamental forces in our current universe, one is electromagnetic force, one is gravitational force, and the other is strong interaction. There is also weak interaction."

"What we are going to discuss today is mainly about interaction, which is the reason why atoms decay."

"What is a weak interaction? Or let's go deeper into calcium, what is an interaction?"

"Is the interaction simply manifested as repulsion or attraction? Not so."

"Modern physics uses quantum field theory to describe the motion and interaction of elementary particles. Its basic idea is:
① We can understand the wave function of particles as a "field" permeating space-time, and think that all matter is a variety of fields.

②The energy and momentum of the field is quantized, just like a ladder, for example, the energy can be 0 1 2 3... but not 1.3 2.5.

③When the energy momentum of the field rises by one level, it is equivalent to the generation of a particle in space-time, and every step down is equivalent to the annihilation of a particle in space-time. If the field energy drops to the lowest level, there will be a vacuum without any particles.

That is, fields are more fundamental than particles, the vacuum being the lowest-energy ground state of the field, and particles being the higher-energy excited states of the field. "

"Under such a basic theoretical framework, the interaction between particles is actually an interaction between the fields corresponding to the examples. Using a professional term, it can be regarded as a market coupling phenomenon."

"To give an inappropriate example, in high school, everyone should have seen similar problems in the last physics question of the college entrance examination. For example, the superposition of electric field and magnetic field will have a common effect on charged particles. .”

……

Sitting in the back, Wang Feng listened with gusto, and didn't think there was any problem sitting in the classroom listening to the lecture because he was already a professor.In fact, reading a book by yourself and listening to a teacher's lecture are two completely different feelings.

In the case of the former, there is a feeling of working behind closed doors, just purely learning knowledge.But in the latter case, the other party is not only teaching you knowledge, in fact, this part should be completed when you preview.In the classroom, what the teacher teaches you is more a way of thinking about problems.

If you encounter a problem, how should you solve it and what kind of thinking should you use to solve it? You must form such a thinking pattern in your mind, which is also the meaning of your classes in school.

If it is simply to write down these contents and understand them, it is not impossible for Wang Feng to do so.But what he has to do is not only to write down this knowledge, but as a knowledge memory and disseminator, he wants to use this knowledge more.

So it is very necessary to come out to find inspiration and expand ideas.Besides, the teachers of Yanda University are definitely not bad... It is definitely more than enough for him to get started.

The third-generation fission reactor is already very mature, and the rest is nothing more than an engineering problem, which has little to do with him.Currently in the world, among the three generations of nuclear power,
1. The fastest progress is the Korean APR1400. The first unit has been connected to the grid for power generation at the end of 2016. Currently, there are eight units confirmed, four in South Korea and four in the United Arab Emirates.

2. The second fastest progress is Russia's VVER1200. At the beginning of 2017, the first unit was connected to the grid for power generation. At present, it seems that six units have been confirmed, including two units in Tianwan Phase IV that have just been signed with China.

I heard that they also plan to build two nuclear power plants in Ukraine and the Caucasus region...

3. The AP1000 of Westinghouse in the United States was finally connected to the grid with the help of the Chinese people. There were orders for eight units before, four in China and four in the United States. Now the Americans have withdrawn two units, and only two units may be left. It can only be done with the help of China.Without the help of Chinese people, they couldn't even play this game. It seems that they should be useless with a high probability, and the days of Chinese people's success are not far away.

In the world of martial arts, there is such a saying: The martial arts in the world come from Shaolin.All nuclear reactors in the world come from Westinghouse. Whether they are from France, Japan, Korea, or China, the original models of nuclear reactors all come from Westinghouse.

Of course, from 1960 to 1980, the United States built hundreds of different reactor types with various demonstrations, and the results were naturally excellent.However, as the saying goes, the disciples of the church starve to death. Now Westinghouse is financially bankrupt due to the indefinite delay of AP1000 factories in the United States. It is basically doomed.

Canceling other intentional orders of Westinghouse now and making a counter-claim against Westinghouse will be a fatal blow to Westinghouse, which is now a critical period for being sold by Toshiba.In the current trade war, this is also a very powerful weapon.Of course, there are also rumors that the shareholders of Westinghouse Electric wanted to cheat the Japanese, so they did it on purpose.

Anyway, it's not been a day or two since the Japanese have been the receivers.

Bechtel, the manufacturer of the US aircraft carrier's nuclear reactor, was also the construction contractor for Westinghouse's four nuclear power units in the United States. Once Westinghouse collapsed, they had no choice but to do so.It is also possible to indirectly attack the military technology of the US imperialists (but it is estimated that the impact may be small, after all, the Ford-class aircraft carrier that should be launched has even accelerated the construction process.)
4. The French EPR was barely connected to the grid with the strong support of the Chinese people.Now the global order should be 6 units in total.However, the EPR is undoubtedly cold, and it is impossible to find any splashes. Now it is not bad to barely get the few units that have been ordered.It seems that the power of a single unit is very large.But his design redundancy is particularly high, which caused the problem of its high cost.

5. Hualong No. 1000 HPR2020 has been successfully connected to the grid. Judging from the effect of publicity, it seems to be not bad, but it should continue to improve and develop.It is determined that there are six units that have been built, and the first unit will be built to generate electricity in [-].

6. CAP1400, which is the Chinese product of AP1000, is progressing very slowly, and the site has not yet started construction, but some domestic equipment has completed experiments.

7. All four ACPR1000+ units of CGNPC are under construction, but they should all use Hualong One in the future.

Generally speaking, the situation of the third-generation reactors is very good, the fourth-generation reactors are in the foreseeable future, and controllable nuclear fusion is out of reach... So Wang Feng intends to study the decay. After all, Huaneng batteries are batteries, and he cannot compete with power plants. eat.

In fact, after some breakthroughs in thermoelectric power generation, the research on radioisotope power generation in various countries has been put on the agenda early. After all, everyone is not a fool. The limitations of chemical energy are there, and everyone can't see it. .

On the contrary, things like nuclear energy seem to be very, very promising. After all, even the most common nuclear fuel cell can easily maintain a discharge time of more than ten years according to the discharge power of 300w per kilogram. I don't know how many streets to get rid of chemical fuel cells directly.

Of course, there are still many, many problems.But isn't this what he needs to solve?The first one is how to further improve the efficiency of thermoelectric power generation.If this efficiency can be increased to more than 50%, or even 80%, then this technology will undoubtedly have a great use.

You must know that at present, the heat dissipation problem of this technology or product is also a very serious problem. Such a battery cannot be stacked together to provide a computer for the product like ordinary batteries, because its heat It's just too big.

You know, one of the missions of the battery is to help the spacecraft keep warm, which shows how much heat it generates.Even in order not to accumulate heat on the spacecraft, he had to design a special cooling system.

Therefore, another purpose of improving energy utilization efficiency is to reduce its calorific value and ensure the stable operation of the entire battery system.

"No, that's not enough."

"If it only runs for a long enough time, maybe its attraction is not as great as Wang Feng imagined. After all, its size must not be small, that is to say, for some electronic products, such as mobile phones and notebooks, It doesn't do much."

"This product will definitely be used in cars and even large machinery in the end, so what is important is not only its battery life, but also its power density."

"You should know that the power density of gas turbines, gasoline engines, diesel engines, etc. is very high, which is far beyond what batteries can match. I want to work on batteries so that the power density of batteries can catch up with these things. Then you need to do some tricks.”

Putting his head on his hands, Wang Feng pondered such a question in his mind: Could it be that we really have no way to influence the decay rate of atomic nuclei?
It should be known that the energy contained in an atomic nucleus is definite. When the energy is definite, its power is inversely proportional to its half-life. The faster it decays, the more energy it releases per unit time. Larger, in other words, the greater its power density. "

"So is there any way to affect the rate at which the atomic nucleus decays?"

"Even in a whimsical way, is there any way to affect the energy state of the nucleus?" "In other words, we can convert computer or heat energy into nuclear energy and store it in the nucleus, and then release it to him when we need to use it." come out."

"This thing is much better than any nuclear-air battery. Treating nuclear energy as a way to store energy can improve people's ability to store and utilize energy by more than one level."

At this time, he can be called the father of the battery well-deservedly, and he can remove all the prefixes.

However, it is estimated to be very difficult to achieve this.Predecessors probably considered this crazy idea, but in the end it was shelved because of one or another problem.

Of course, one of the reasons may be that at that time, thermoelectric power generation was not as mature as it is now, and there was room for imagination.

Another reason is that there may still be a small number of people who can really understand the electroweak unified theory.

On November 1967, 11, American theoretical physicist Steven Weinberg's masterpiece "A Model of Leptons" (A Model of Leptons) was published in the journal "Physical Review Letters", which marked the beginning of particle physics. The standard model of science was officially born.

The seemingly unrelated electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force are organically unified in the Weinberg model. In the ensuing 50 years, this model has withstood the test of countless high-energy physics experiments and has become the most successful model after relativity and quantum mechanics. physics theory.

The uniqueness of Steven Weinberg is that he based the electroweak unified theory on the basis of Yang-Mills field theory, and introduced the Higgs mechanism, thus obtained a perfect and self-consistent theory, and predicted the weak neutral The coupling strength of the flow propagator Z boson to the lepton pair.

It is undoubtedly very difficult to affect the microstructure of matter from this level, and it is no wonder that so many masters of physics are unwilling to continue to try in this area.After all, the time for humans to truly understand the world is too short!

(End of this chapter)