Hand rubbing nuclear fusion live in the wilderness

Chapter 470 Ideas for developing second-generation controllable nuclear fusion
As soon as these words came out, the live broadcast room became lively.

【I know this!Gamma Nickel! 】

【γ Nickel! 】

[It is said that controllable nuclear fusion is difficult, so it is so difficult, no wonder it is 50 years forever. 】

[About the filter, I know this, my supervisor is doing research on this, this thing is simply a sieve, used for tokamak devices, um, stellarator and others can also be used, just for comparison Not much, but now it is rejected by the anchor, it seems that the road of tokamak is over. 】

[One more thing to add!Gan anchor your uncle!This thing is finished by you, and my doctoral dissertation is also finished!Fuck!A plant! 】

[Hahahahaha, the upstairs is really miserable! 】

[The anchor's uncle: He messed with you, why don't you fuck him, why should I fuck me? 】

[Is the tokamak really stuck?This should be the most likely to achieve controllable nuclear fusion at present, and it is also the farthest route humans have taken at present, right? 】

[I don't know, from what the anchor said just now, the meaning should be yes. 】

[It would be a pity if this road fails, this is something that humans have been studying for decades, and it cost more than hundreds of billions. 】

[Not necessarily, the anchor only said that the filter cannot be added, and did not deny that the tokamak will not work. 】

[I remember the anchor said that the controllable nuclear fusion reactor he made seems to be a complex?Stellarator and what. 】

[Stellar + magnetic confinement technology, composite route. 】

Looking at the barrage of discussion, Han Yuan smiled and said, "Although I am taking the composite route of stellarator + magnetic confinement technology, I have never denied that the tokamak route is not feasible."

"On the contrary, in the composite route of stellarator + magnetic confinement technology that I take, some of the technologies in it are actually derived from the tokamak device."

"It's just that on the whole, the simple tokamak device has higher requirements for design and materials in the process of realizing it."

"Of course, the tokamak device also has advantages, that is, it can withstand higher fusion temperatures."

"The higher the fusion temperature that can be tolerated, it is very beneficial for the study of second-generation and third-generation fusion."

"For example, DT controllable nuclear fusion only needs a temperature of tens of millions of degrees, while pure helium three controllable nuclear fusion reactors need to reach a temperature of at least one billion degrees Celsius to start fusion."

"Of course, the path of pure helium triple fusion cannot be achieved simply by raising the temperature. To achieve pure helium triple fusion is much more troublesome than realizing DT controllable nuclear fusion."

Han Yuan said briefly, and the audience in the live broadcast room nodded ignorantly, indicating that they seemed to understand.

However, these words made the experts of the ITER International Thermonuclear Fusion Experimental Reactor Program Laboratory breathe a sigh of relief.

For now, the ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project is actually almost on the verge of being abandoned.

Of course, this company was not the only one that was abandoned, but the ITER experts were not reconciled.

After all, after studying something for decades, who would be willing to give up suddenly?

At present, basically no matter whether it is a laboratory of countries united to study controllable nuclear fusion or an independent research institute, basically when the anchor started to demonstrate controllable nuclear fusion technology, they had already gradually withdrawn their capital and gave up.

In particular, the ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Project, a joint research body that spends countless meters of gold every year, is even more precarious.

Although it has not been disbanded yet, it is because they have enough experience in researching controllable nuclear fusion, and it can be used by all countries.

But at present, the ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Project Laboratory is on the verge of disbanding, and countries have also begun to withdraw capital and move materials to their homes.

After all, everyone doesn't want to throw money into it anymore.

If the anchor said today that the tokamak route will not work, tomorrow the controllable nuclear fusion research institute jointly united by more than a dozen countries will be disbanded tomorrow, do you believe it?
A project jointly undertaken by more than a dozen countries will be abandoned because of a single word from an outsider. In the past, anyone who came would give him a big slap in the face and tell him not to dream.

But now, 90.00% more than [-] is possible.

Fortunately, there is still a glimmer of hope for this anchor.

But immediately, experts studying controllable nuclear fusion from various countries began to think again.

Although what the anchor said was easy to understand, they had to pay attention to the knowledge of pure helium trifusion at the end.

Everyone knows that the fuel for nuclear fusion is mainly relatively light light elements, such as hydrogen isotopes protium deuterium tritium.

For now, there are three generations of controllable nuclear fusion on the basis of human theory.

The first generation is deuterium-tritium controllable nuclear fusion, which is the DT controllable nuclear fusion that the present anchor shows and talks about, and it is also the main route of human research at present.

The advantage of this route is that DT fusion reaction is the easiest nuclear reaction to realize, requires the lowest energy, that is, requires the lowest ignition temperature, and the temperature in the reaction process is the lowest, which is easy to control.

In addition, the raw materials it uses are relatively easy to obtain.

Deuterium, for example, occurs naturally as an isotope of hydrogen and is usually readily available.The large mass difference between hydrogen isotopes makes it easy to separate them.

This is not like the isotope separation of high-quality uranium. The isotope separation of uranium can be said to be a toss to death.

Deuterium is readily available, and another, tritium, is relatively easy.

Tritium is also a naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen, but it is difficult to obtain from nature due to its short half-life of only 12.32 years, but tritium can be produced by bombarding lithium plates with neutrons.

So it is not very difficult to obtain relatively speaking.

But relatively speaking, DT controllable nuclear fusion also has advantages and disadvantages.

The first is that too many neutrons are produced, which can lead to neutron activation of the reactor material.

Secondly, only 20% of the energy generated in the reaction process is carried by charged particles, while most of the remaining energy is taken away by neutrons.

This limits direct energy conversion technologies.

On top of that, there's the whole reaction involving tritium, which is reflective.

Similar to hydrogen atoms, tritium atoms are actually not easy to control. During the fusion process, some of them will often leak out of the reactor, and studies have shown that the leakage of tritium will cause considerable environmental nuclear pollution.

Of course, these disadvantages are nothing compared to the advantages that it is easy to implement and can provide huge amounts of energy.

The second generation is deuterium and helium-3 fusion controllable nuclear fusion, commonly known as 'second generation fusion'.

Compared with the first route, if the second-generation deuterium and helium-3 are used for fusion.

The first advantage is that the fuel is cheap, and deuterium is easy to separate and obtain. After saving the rare tritium, there is no need to study tritium self-sustaining technology, and lithium is saved!

Although the reserves of helium-[-] on the earth are relatively small, the reserves on the moon next door cannot be used up by humans for hundreds of millions of years.

So don't have to think about getting it.

The second advantage is that the number of neutrons produced by second-generation fusion is only one-third or even one-fifth of that of deuterium-tritium fusion, which is a very good place.

The less neutron radiation, the simpler the problem of neutron exposure is to deal with.

If neutron radiation is reduced to one-fifth of that of DT fusion, it can be controlled or protected with existing technology.

If there are advantages, there must be disadvantages.

The first is that the ignition temperature is relatively harsh. The ignition temperature of the second-generation deuterium-helium 3 fusion is about six times that of the first-generation deuterium-tritium controllable nuclear fusion.

If the ignition temperature of DT controllable nuclear fusion is 5000 million degrees Celsius, then the ignition temperature of deuterium and helium-3 controllable nuclear fusion exceeds [-] million degrees Celsius.

It is difficult to control such a high temperature.

As for the third route, it is the triple fusion of pure helium.

That is, helium tri-helium trinuclear fusion, which is the real clean energy, completely free of neutron radiation.It is also the dream of all those who study controllable nuclear fusion science, called ultimate nuclear fusion.

It's just that the requirements for the ignition temperature of this route are too high and too harsh.

According to the data calculated by scientists from various countries, if helium 3-helium 3 nuclear fusion is to be realized, the required ignition temperature must reach 80 billion degrees Kelvin.

If converted into degrees Celsius, it is 7999999726.85°C.

Well, that's right, only 272.15 degrees less than Kelvin.

Many people may wonder, isn't 1 degree Kelvin equal to -272.15 degrees Celsius?According to this conversion ratio, it should be 80 billion degrees Kelvin divided by 272.15.

But in fact, the conversion of Kelvin and Celsius is not like this, but
【K=℃+273.15】

Therefore, the degree of change of the two is the same. An increase of 1 Kelvin means an increase of 1 degree Celsius, except that 0°C = 273.15K.

Except for the initial gap of 273.15, the two are actually 1:1 appreciation or depreciation.

And the temperature of 7999999726.85 degrees Celsius seems to be no different from 80 billion degrees Celsius for humans.

Anyway, at present, human beings cannot find any way to restrain such ultra-ultra-ultra-ultra-super high temperature.

However, according to the anchor, the ignition temperature of pure helium triple controllable nuclear fusion has dropped a lot.

The ignition temperature of nearly one billion degrees Celsius is eight times lower than the 80 billion degrees they calculated themselves.

Although this is also an insurmountable temperature, relatively speaking, the difficulty has been reduced countless times in an instant.

After all, the highest temperature ever created by humans is not far away from this.

Since human beings have recorded, the highest temperature ever reached is 5.1 million degrees Celsius, which is about 30 times that of the most central area of ​​the sun.

The record was set by the Plasma Physics Laboratory at Princeton University in New Jersey, USA.

And this extremely high temperature was created by the tokamak nuclear fusion reactor mentioned by the anchor in front of him.

Just like before, scientists from all over the world will attach great importance to every word from the live broadcast to this day.

The news that the tokamak route can pass through controllable nuclear fusion is actually nothing.

What attracted the attention of experts from various countries is what he said below, which is that "the higher the fusion temperature that the tokamak device can withstand, it is very beneficial for the study of second-generation and third-generation fusion."

And
"The way to study pure helium triple fusion cannot be achieved simply by raising the temperature."

These two sentences deserve more attention.

These two sentences have brought great help to their research on the second and third generation of controllable nuclear fusion.

Because these two sentences can be determined, it means that they can set their sights on other research directions besides temperature, such as pressure, gas and so on.

Instead of smashing the ignition temperature like before.

Some people may ask again, why do we need to study the second and third generations after the first generation of controllable nuclear fusion has been researched?
Isn't the energy provided by controlled nuclear fusion enough?

In theory, DT controllable nuclear fusion is excellent, and there is no problem in providing massive amounts of energy.

But don't forget that in the DT controllable nuclear fusion, the stock of 'tritium' in its two reaction materials is very little on the earth.

At present, the main source of tritium in various countries is produced by neutrons hitting Li plates. Even if controllable nuclear fusion can achieve self-sustaining tritium, it still needs to consume lithium.

Lithium, on the other hand, does not have a lot of storage on the earth. If the current storage is not recycled, the discovered storage capacity is only enough for ten years.

Yes, that's right, ten years.

Even if it is recycled, according to the total amount of 8000 million tons of lithium in the world, based on the currently discovered lithium resources, it will be completely consumed before 2050.

This is still the case without controllable nuclear fusion. If controllable nuclear fusion technology is realized, the service life of Li will be further compressed.

Because tritium self-sustainment consumes a lot of lithium, comparable to current electric vehicles.

You must know that after this anchor produced a lithium-sulfur battery with high energy storage, basically all fuel vehicles have been eliminated.

At present, the remaining fuel vehicles are all left over from the past, and basically no fuel vehicles have been produced behind the car factory.

Under such circumstances, the demand for lithium in electric vehicles is extremely high.

It is not a problem to consume tens of millions of tons easily every year.

If controllable nuclear fusion is added, tens of millions of tons of lithium will be consumed every year.

I am afraid that within five years, the lithium on the earth will have to be consumed.

After all, it is impossible for all lithium to be used in nuclear fusion reactors. There are also other aspects, such as batteries and alloys.

To solve the problem of lithium resources, we must find a way.

Not only lithium recovery, but also the development of extraterrestrial lithium resources or the development of lithium resources in seawater.

In addition, there is another way to study the second or third generation of controlled nuclear fusion.

Forget about the third generation of pure helium controllable nuclear fusion.

The requirements are too high, and the theory of human beings has not been completed. Without the help of this anchor, it is too far away.

As for the second-generation tritium-helium three-controllable nuclear fusion, you can try to develop it.

If it can be developed, the problem of lithium can be solved, and the problem of energy can also be solved.

And the most important thing is that the second-generation tritium-helium tri-controllable nuclear fusion is the key to realize the miniaturization of controllable nuclear fusion based on the current theory.

The generation of DT controllable nuclear fusion is difficult to achieve miniaturization based on the current human foundation.

Of course, maybe this anchor has a way, but even if it is realized, the shortage of lithium is still a very serious problem for human beings, and we still have to find a way to solve it.

(End of this chapter)